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Results 1 - 10 of about 25,800,000 for nokia n 73. (0.43 seconds)
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1.
Nokia N73 Music Edition - Price & Full phone specifications - Nokia
Nokia N73 Music Edition phone specs, information & Nokia N73 Music Edition price. : WhatMobile.com.pk : Nokia N73 Music Edition :
www.whatmobile.com.pk/Nokia_N73-Music-Edition - Cached - Similar
2.
Nokia N73 - Price & Full phone specifications - Nokia
Nokia N73 phone specs, information & Nokia N73 price. : WhatMobile.com.pk : Nokia N73 :
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3.
Nokia N73 - Full phone specifications
Nokia N73 Symbian smartphone. Announced 2006, April. Features 3G, TFT display, 3.15 MP camera, Bluetooth.
www.gsmarena.com/nokia_n73-1550.php - Cached - Similar
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Image results for nokia n 73
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5.
Device Details -- Nokia N73
25 Jul 2007 ... The Nokia N73 is a stunning multimedia computer with powerful photography features and integrated stereo speakers with 3D sound. ...
forum.nokia.com/devices/N73 - Cached - Similar
6.
Nokia N73 Music Edition - ..:: Worldcall Forums ::..
Hi Im selling my Nokia N73 Music Edition (original phone pics are attached) 9/10 Condition Not opened not repaired not a single problem in phone.
forums.go4b.net.pk/.../15839-nokia-n73-music-edition.html - Cached - Similar
7.
Nokia Europe - Nokia N73 - Products
Explore the Nokia N73, packing dozens of powerful functions into one sleek, stylish mobile device. It's your mobile phone and more.
europe.nokia.com/find-products/devices/nokia-n73 - Cached - Similar
8.
Nokia-N73 Mobile Phone Price in Pakistan - Nokia latest mobile ...
Nokia-N73 Mobile Phones prices rates and reviews website Pakistan, Nokia Nokia-N73 Mobile updated Prices rates in lahore karachi islamabad rawalpindi and ...
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9.
Free Nokia N73 Themes - mobile9
download free Nokia N73 Themes from the largest free mobile download website. ... Showing 1 to 15 of 26488 results for Nokia N73 Themes ...
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10.
Nokia N73 | Used Mobiles
25 Jul 2009 ... Im willing to sell my Nokia N73 Music Edition With 2 GB Card.set is from Dubai,with complete accessories just 15 days used,few scratches on ...
www.usedmobiles.pk/nokia-n73-42/ - Cached - Similar
11.
Flickr: Camera Finder: Nokia: N73
Flickr is almost certainly the best online photo management and sharing application in the world. Show off your favorite photos and videos to the world, ...
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Results 1 - 10 of about 1,590,000,000 for h [definition]. (0.14 seconds)
Planck's constant = 6.626068 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
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1.
Hydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously .... 1H is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. ...
Combustion - Electron energy levels - Elemental molecular forms
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H - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H is the eighth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. Its name in both British and American English is aitch (pronounced /eɪtʃ/), though it is also ...
History - Name in English - Usage - Codes for computing
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H and M
Offers clothing for men, women and children. United Kingdom.
H&M Shop Online - United Kingdom - Suomi - H&M - Inspiration
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[H]ard|OCP - HardOCP Computer Hardware Reviews and News
16 Aug 2009 ... Offers news and tips to help achieve maximum PC performance.
www.hardocp.com/ - 9 minutes ago - Cached - Similar
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FREE SCRIPTs, Tutorials, gif clipart Images, adobe photoshop ...
Free php script including rating system, image rotator, counters, guestbook, news ticker, random image chooser. Free javascripts, html and css tutorial and ...
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WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Hydrogen | Essential ...
Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is ... C(coke) + H2O (1000°C) → CO + H2. In both these cases, further hydrogen may be made ...
www.webelements.com/hydrogen/ - Cached - Similar
7.
YouTube - Lollapalooza 2009: The World's Best Dancer!
7 Aug 2009 ... Originally posted on the Leshock Value Blog at http://wgntv.com/leshockThe. Best. Dancer. Ever.Recorded by WGN-TV Feature Reporter Marcus ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-R5GQ0V-Z4 - Similar
8.
Zone-H.org - Unrestricted information
Since Zone-H started its mirroring activity of defacements, it always witnessed any sort of hacktivism. Sure, most of the times defacers are/were/will be ...
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H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online
H-Net is an interdisciplinary organization of scholars dedicated to developing the enormous educational potential of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
www.h-net.org/ - Similar
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Video results for h
H-town Knockin the boots
4 min 41 sec
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Tool- H.
6 min
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Results 1 - 10 of about 1,590,000,000 for h [definition]. (0.14 seconds)
Planck's constant = 6.626068 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
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1.
Hydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously .... 1H is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%. ...
Combustion - Electron energy levels - Elemental molecular forms
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen - Cached - Similar
2.
H - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H is the eighth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet. Its name in both British and American English is aitch (pronounced /eɪtʃ/), though it is also ...
History - Name in English - Usage - Codes for computing
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H - Cached - Similar
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3.
H and M
Offers clothing for men, women and children. United Kingdom.
H&M Shop Online - United Kingdom - Suomi - H&M - Inspiration
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[H]ard|OCP - HardOCP Computer Hardware Reviews and News
16 Aug 2009 ... Offers news and tips to help achieve maximum PC performance.
www.hardocp.com/ - 9 minutes ago - Cached - Similar
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FREE SCRIPTs, Tutorials, gif clipart Images, adobe photoshop ...
Free php script including rating system, image rotator, counters, guestbook, news ticker, random image chooser. Free javascripts, html and css tutorial and ...
www.hscripts.com/ - Cached - Similar
6.
WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Hydrogen | Essential ...
Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is ... C(coke) + H2O (1000°C) → CO + H2. In both these cases, further hydrogen may be made ...
www.webelements.com/hydrogen/ - Cached - Similar
7.
YouTube - Lollapalooza 2009: The World's Best Dancer!
7 Aug 2009 ... Originally posted on the Leshock Value Blog at http://wgntv.com/leshockThe. Best. Dancer. Ever.Recorded by WGN-TV Feature Reporter Marcus ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-R5GQ0V-Z4 - Similar
8.
Zone-H.org - Unrestricted information
Since Zone-H started its mirroring activity of defacements, it always witnessed any sort of hacktivism. Sure, most of the times defacers are/were/will be ...
www.zone-h.org/ - Cached - Similar
9.
H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online
H-Net is an interdisciplinary organization of scholars dedicated to developing the enormous educational potential of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
www.h-net.org/ - Similar
10.
Video results for h
H-town Knockin the boots
4 min 41 sec
www.youtube.com
Tool- H.
6 min
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Results 1 - 10 of about 142,000 for helloooooooo. (0.66 seconds)
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1.
Seinfeld helloooooOoo
35 sec - 19 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
Seinfeld: The VoiceeEEeEEeEEe la la la
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifv-SpkvxYg
2.
Just For Laughs - Helloooooooo
Helloooooooo Sent by Pat Miller, October 19, 2000 ... Too Funny · Helloooooooo · Another Blonde Joke · The Unique Breakfast · Where Is God? ...
www.ookingdom.com/laughs/017 - Cached - Similar
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Helloooooooo! on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
My Wife and I went out to Long Beach Yesterday and Visited at The Queen Mary. All shots were taken with a Canon EOS 5D MkII and either a 24-105 or 17-40 ...
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Image results for helloooooooo
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5.
Helloooooooo :D - Robbie Williams Forum
3 Aug 2009 ... Helloooooooo :D Hello. ... Go Back, Robbie Williams Forum > RobbieWilliams.com > Hello · Reload this Page Helloooooooo :D ...
www.robbiewilliams.com/forum/showthread.php?t=605 - Cached - Similar
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helloooooooo
helloooooooo. helloooooooo. Add Your Comment. MySpace Profile Code:![]()
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Yahoo! Message Boards - American Reprographics Co. (ARP ...
Re: helloooooooo?????? In at three dollars and change, thank you M* and T.. ... Re: helloooooooo?????? hey retired, sorry to hear you are that far b. ...
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8.
BeautifulGame.net • View topic - helloooooooo!!!!!!
helloooooooo!!!!!! Post by simmonsred on Fri Aug 31, 2007 2:16 pm .... Re: helloooooooo!!!!!! Post by JackDaniels on Sat Sep 01, 2007 4:26 pm ...
www.beautifulgame.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=29&t... - Cached - Similar
9.
HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! - Broken Staple - tribe.net
Re: HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! Wed, May 13, 2009 - 2:48 AM. Hiiiii Mo! ... Re: HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! Thu, May 14, 2009 - 11:39 PM. Still here too Mo! ...
happyaccident.tribe.net/.../34c4576e-d3fb-4bbc-a863-852dfb15a62b - Cached - Similar
10.
ZOIDBERG TALES!: HELLOOOOOOOO~!
HELLOOOOOOOO~! I watched TAYG. Shaun Micallef was funny, as per usual. And guess what? He'll be on 5th Grader (y'know that show where adults ...
zoidbergtales.blogspot.com/2009/07/helloooooooo.html - Cached - Similar
11.
LAKERS HOME OPENER: HELLOOOOOOOO? IS ANYBODY HOME? - Free Online ...
Free Online Library: LAKERS HOME OPENER: HELLOOOOOOOO? IS ANYBODY HOME?(Sports) by "Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)"; News, opinion and commentary General ...
www.thefreelibrary.com/LAKERS+HOME+OPENER:+HELLOOOOOOOO%3F+IS+ANYBODY+HOME%3F-a0836... - Cached - Similar
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Results 1 - 10 of about 142,000 for helloooooooo. (0.66 seconds)
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1.
Seinfeld helloooooOoo
35 sec - 19 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
Seinfeld: The VoiceeEEeEEeEEe la la la
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifv-SpkvxYg
2.
Just For Laughs - Helloooooooo
Helloooooooo Sent by Pat Miller, October 19, 2000 ... Too Funny · Helloooooooo · Another Blonde Joke · The Unique Breakfast · Where Is God? ...
www.ookingdom.com/laughs/017 - Cached - Similar
3.
Helloooooooo! on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
My Wife and I went out to Long Beach Yesterday and Visited at The Queen Mary. All shots were taken with a Canon EOS 5D MkII and either a 24-105 or 17-40 ...
www.flickr.com/photos/lmgach/3713793039/ - Cached - Similar
4.
Image results for helloooooooo
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5.
Helloooooooo :D - Robbie Williams Forum
3 Aug 2009 ... Helloooooooo :D Hello. ... Go Back, Robbie Williams Forum > RobbieWilliams.com > Hello · Reload this Page Helloooooooo :D ...
www.robbiewilliams.com/forum/showthread.php?t=605 - Cached - Similar
6.
helloooooooo
helloooooooo. helloooooooo. Add Your Comment. MySpace Profile Code:
7.
Yahoo! Message Boards - American Reprographics Co. (ARP ...
Re: helloooooooo?????? In at three dollars and change, thank you M* and T.. ... Re: helloooooooo?????? hey retired, sorry to hear you are that far b. ...
messages.finance.yahoo.com/.../threadview?... - Cached - Similar
8.
BeautifulGame.net • View topic - helloooooooo!!!!!!
helloooooooo!!!!!! Post by simmonsred on Fri Aug 31, 2007 2:16 pm .... Re: helloooooooo!!!!!! Post by JackDaniels on Sat Sep 01, 2007 4:26 pm ...
www.beautifulgame.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=29&t... - Cached - Similar
9.
HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! - Broken Staple - tribe.net
Re: HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! Wed, May 13, 2009 - 2:48 AM. Hiiiii Mo! ... Re: HELLOOOOOOOO !!!! Thu, May 14, 2009 - 11:39 PM. Still here too Mo! ...
happyaccident.tribe.net/.../34c4576e-d3fb-4bbc-a863-852dfb15a62b - Cached - Similar
10.
ZOIDBERG TALES!: HELLOOOOOOOO~!
HELLOOOOOOOO~! I watched TAYG. Shaun Micallef was funny, as per usual. And guess what? He'll be on 5th Grader (y'know that show where adults ...
zoidbergtales.blogspot.com/2009/07/helloooooooo.html - Cached - Similar
11.
LAKERS HOME OPENER: HELLOOOOOOOO? IS ANYBODY HOME? - Free Online ...
Free Online Library: LAKERS HOME OPENER: HELLOOOOOOOO? IS ANYBODY HOME?(Sports) by "Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)"; News, opinion and commentary General ...
www.thefreelibrary.com/LAKERS+HOME+OPENER:+HELLOOOOOOOO%3F+IS+ANYBODY+HOME%3F-a0836... - Cached - Similar
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Results 1 - 10 of about 32,900,000 for mark henry. (0.12 seconds)
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Image results for mark henry
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2.
Mark Henry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mark Jerrold Henry (born June 12, 1971) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) performing on its Raw ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry - Cached - Similar -
3.
Mark Henry screws up during Smackdown taping
3 min 28 sec - 5 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
Mark Henry is basically a dumbass.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m0bAWU4gKk -
4.
Goldberg vs Mark Henry
9 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
If Henry wins, Evolution pay him 100000$
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-Z7z0C-q4 -
5.
Mark Henry The Strongest Man That Ever Lived
Mark Henry had the greatest brute strength of all time.
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6.
Undertaker VS Mark Henry
18 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
WWE Undertaker VS Mark Henry
www.dailymotion.com/video/x2asu3_undertaker-vs-mark-henry_extreme -
7.
Big Show vs. Mark Henry
4 min - 18 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
wwe
www.dailymotion.com/video/x54nks_big-show-vs-mark-henry_sport -
8.
Burlesque of the Damned
For a taste of Road Trip of the Living Dead and an interview with said ghostwriter, Mark Henry (who loves to take all the credit), check out Tale Chasing ...
burlesqueofthedamned.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
Mark Henry
Mark also blogs at The League of Reluctant Adults (he's a founding member) and occasionally at his original site, Burlesque of the Damned, though not as ...
www.markhenry.us/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Mark Henry
Official site of World Wrestling Entertainment! Mark Henry · Bio · Photos · Videos · Mobile · Products · WWECLASSICS.com · Appearances ...
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11.
Wholesale Women's Fashions by Mark Henry Fashions
Mark Henry Fashions is one of the most reliable wholesale distributors of mother of the bride & groom, social occasions and prom dresses in the nation.
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News results for mark henry
SLAM! Sports WWE RAW Live Results - August 8th, 2009 - 5 days ago
Participants were Carlito, Ted Dibiase, Cody Rhodes, Jack Swagger, MVP, Primo, Jamie Noble, Kofi Kingston, Mark Henry, and the Big Show. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 72 related articles »
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Kamal Haasan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kamal Haasan's breakthrough as a lead actor came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan - Cached - Similar -
2.
Kamal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal - Cached - Similar -
3.
Kamal Hassan
3 min - 19 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
Good Song from MAHANADI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU7lTsoXdX0 -
4.
virumandi kamal speaking
6 min - 26 Dec 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
making kamal anger
www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5uHxcSga5U -
5.
$$$$$ Kamal $$$$$
Rap, music, hip hop, hiphop, master p, jay-z, p diddy, ll cool j, Kamal, rodney kamal jackson, rodney jackson.
www.kamal2000.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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Kamal Haasan - Actor -
Kamal Haasan videos and movie clips, Kamal Haasan pictures gallery and Kamal Haasan filmography movies at ApunKaChoice.com. Download latest Kamal Haasan ...
www.apunkachoice.com/celebrities/kamal_haasan/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Kamal comedy
8 min - 25 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x579bo_kamal-comedy_shortfilms -
8.
kamal (kamal) on Twitter
Hey there! kamal is using Twitter. Twitter is a free service that lets you ... Name kamal; Location Putrajaya, Putrajaya, Malaysia; Web http://blog.bitfl. ...
twitter.com/kamal - Cached - Similar -
9.
Dr Arif Kamal's Home Page
Homepage: http://www.ngds-ku.org/kamal • e-mail: kamal(at the rate of)ngds-ku.org ... Professor Dr. Syed Arif Kamal, Professor (BPS-21), Department of ...
ngds-ku.org/kamal/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly
Shah kamal qadri, 12th descendent of Ghous-e-Azam Sheikh Abdul qadir gilani came to India in 15th century from Baghdad to spread Islam.
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News results for kamal
CDGK cricket academy inaugurated: Kamal vows to support present ... - 17 hours ago
City Nazim Mustafa Kamal expressed these views during a ceremony hosted to present cricket academy at Nazimabad Eidgah Ground No 3 within the limits of ...
Daily Times - 4 related articles »
Nothing official about Kamal's 50 years in films! - Sify - 32 related articles »
Kamal lauds Centre for approving MTS - Daily Times - 8 related articles »
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Blog posts about kamal
Kamal Haasan's Next Venture 'Yudham Sei' | Latest Bollywood ... - Latest Bollywood|Kollywood|Tollywood| News - 1 day ago
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Terror Free Somalia Foundation: 3rd man Kamal Hassan pleads guilty ... - Terror Free Somalia Foundation - 2 days ago
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Results 1 - 10 of about 110,000 for hellooooooooo. (0.29 seconds)
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1.
Hellooooooooo
7 posts - 7 authors - Last post: 15 Jan 2006
Message 8885 - Posted 12 Jan 2006 23:45:13 UTC. Just a Big Howdy Doody ....... G'day All ______. The only stupid question is the unasked ...
boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/forum_thread.php?id=906 - Cached - Similar -
2.
My Skinny Garden: Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo
Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo. They are growing! I can't believe it! These are the seeds from Trudi at Wintersown.org. Brandywine. Beefsteak Heinz 1439 ...
myskinnygarden.blogspot.com/.../hellooooooooo-tomatoooooo.html - Cached - Similar -
3.
Now Norma Knits : Hellooooooooo!
Pardon me for shouting. I'm just checking for echoes. Where IS everybody? I'm also trying out the new Typepad compose editor.
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4.
Image results for hellooooooooo
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5.
Hellooooooooo~waving~
From: Callie (71.49.26.86). Subject: Hellooooooooo~waving~. Date: July 10, 2009 at 5:25 am PST. In Reply to: Hi All! posted by huskamute on July 8, ...
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6.
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit...
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7.
MySpace.com - Hellooooooooo BETTY! - 100 - Female - US - myspace ...
MySpace profile for Hellooooooooo BETTY! with pictures, videos, personal blog, interests, information about me and more.
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Hellooooooooo - Polyvore
A fashion look from July 2009 featuring Gucci shoes, Oscar de la Renta dresses and Yves Saint Laurent bags. Browse and shop related looks.
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9.
A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia: hellooooooooo | Suite101.com
Discussions relating to Agoraphobia - A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia.
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10.
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... skunk? 6 toes. Have you seen our shooooooooooooooes? very small head. nasty. Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... by ...
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11.
Hellooooooooo - Deal and Coupon Forums, by DealofDay
2 posts - 2 authors - Last post: 10 May
Hey everyone, im not new just dont get on here much but i am trying to get back into the swing of things agin, and i just wanted to say ...
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2.
Jeff Hardy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
He is also featured in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling release Enigma: The Best of Jeff Hardy (2005) and Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders: Hardy Boys ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy - Cached - Similar -
3.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
4.
Rooftops - Jeff Hardy
2 min 17 sec - 9 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
"I am Jeff Hardy"; Rooftops by Lostprophets Credit goes to WWE.com Downloaded from Enigma-Reborn.com
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir22Ndn7eHc -
5.
News results for jeff hardy
Mirror.co.uk Jeff Hardy's Star Power, CM Punk News, WrestleMania Rumor - 10 hours ago
By Ned Lawrence – Adding to Jim Ross' claim that Jeff Hardy is unquestionably WWE's most popular Superstar, a new Wrestling Observer report says that Hardy ...
HeadlinePlanet.com - 8 related articles »
6.
Raw.14.01.2008 - Jeff Hardy Vs Randy Orton - IC.Title
10 min - 16 Jan 2008 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
Raw 14 01 2008 - Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy Vs WWE Champion Randy Orton - Intercontinental Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x42h4j_raw14012008-jeff-hardy-vs-randy-ort_sport -
7.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > Jeff Hardy
Check out the charismatic dardevil Jeff Hardy in action in his exclusive photo and video ... Jeff Hardy is a multiple-time Inter-Continental Champion. ...
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8.
Best oF: Jeff hardy & Rey Mysterio
3 min 39 sec - 6 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Un petit best of de jeff hardy et de rey mysterio. exelent!
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4865253839699111017 -
9.
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J ...
8 min - 22 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J" Jericho) No DQ.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5621776842304043416 -
10.
Jeff Hardy pictures from wrestling photos on webshots
Jeff Hardy pictures published by xtremesuperstar4.
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11.
The Hardy Show
Featuring our boys Matt and Jeff Hardy. All the years of wear and tear on their bodies and holding two Championship belts around there waist “Priceless”. ...
www.thematthardyshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
Quoted-Printable - a multipart alternative
Author of Beginning Rails and creator of the ever-popular Scribbish theme, Jeffrey Allan Hardy works at 37signals. He lives somewhere in the deep Canadian ...
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2.
Paul Wight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For several months afterwards, WWE hyped up Big Show as the man who retired ..... On April 13, 2009, Big Show was drafted to the Raw brand as a part of the ...
Professional wrestling career - Early career - Media - Personal life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight - Cached - Similar -
3.
The Big Show - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
10 Jul 2009 ... The John Boy and Billy Big Show, a popular morning radio show in the Southern U.S.; Major League Baseball, in the context of players being ...
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4.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
5.
BIG SHOW VS REY MYSTERIO
9 min - 4 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
500 POUND GIANT VS THE 619
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn01nz7AWbU -
6.
JBL vs Big Show-Barbed Wire Cage match
25 min - 12 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
JBL defends his title against the Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match at No Way Out 2005. Great ending.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xz3mo_jbl-vs-big-showbarbed-wire-cage-mat_sport -
7.
Wrestlemania 24 Floyd Mayweather Vs Big Show
20 min - 3 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x4yca3_wrestlemania-24-floyd-mayweather-vs_sport -
8.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Big Show
Look back at some of Big Show's biggest hits with his devastating chokeslam – the move that has meant the end for countless opponents. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/bigshow/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
The Big Show
Syndicated morning show hosts. Station list, webcast, audio clips, fan club, gallery, links, and online store.
www.thebigshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe
8 min - 14 Aug 2008 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8344911111803783466 -
11.
The Big Show
4 years ago (that's better), The Big Show was started. It's come from a solo project, to a couplecast, to a couplecast without the couple. ...
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Results 1 - 10 of about 531,000 for the great khali. (0.28 seconds)
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2.
The Great Khali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dalip Singh Rana (Punjabi: ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਰਾਨਾ) (born August 27, 1972) better known by his ring name The Great Khali, is an Indian professional ...
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3.
Dalip Singh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
22 May 2009 ... first Sikh representative from India in the Olympics; Dalip Singh Rana, real name of actor and professional wrestler The Great Khali ...
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4.
The great khali titantron
47 sec - 11 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
the great khali titantron
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA3bdlVIgMI -
5.
Batista Vs The Great Khali
6 min - 7 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Batista answers The Great Khali challenge for the great american bash
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIZ0HQ1-BoU -
6.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > The Great Khali
See The Great Khali exert his dominance over WWE in his exclusive photo and video ... Get The Great Khali's entrance theme as your mobile ringtone, ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/thegreatkhali/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Dilip Singh - The Great Khali on Debut,הק×' ...
3 min 28 sec - 20 Aug 2006
(Empty description). Watch Video about No Description,Great by Metacafe.com
www.metacafe.com/watch/184668/dilip_singh_the_great_khali_on_debut/ -
8.
Batista vs The Great Khali 13/6/08
10 min - 15 Jun 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
WWE Smackdown! 13/6/08 Batista vs The Great Khali
www.dailymotion.com/video/x5scgk_batista-vs-the-great-khali-13608_sport -
9.
The Great Khali A.K.A- Dalip Singh Rana - Giant Singh
The biography of The Great Khali (Real Name: Dalip Singh Rana).
www.greatkhali.net/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
The Great Khali - Timeline of the Career of WWE Star The Great Khali
Timeline of the wrestling career of The Great Khali.
prowrestling.about.com/od/.../a/khalitimeline.htm - Cached - Similar -
11.
WWE The Great Khali alias Khali sometimes WWE Kali
We offer infomation about WWE The Great khali alias WWE khali somtimes WWE Kali. People who love the great Khali and continue to admire Khali (kali) ...
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2.
Dave Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Michael Bautista, Jr. (born January 18, 1969), better known by his ring name, Batista, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Media - Controversy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Batista - Cached - Similar -
3.
Fulgencio Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (Spanish pronunciation: [fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar]) (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban general and ...
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4.
Batista returns and destroys mark henry
8 min - 25 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
In Smackdown 7/7/2006
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UySsi3SnC4o -
5.
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
9 min - 5 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIiiiFCH-iw -
6.
DEMON-WRESTLING.COM - The Official Website of Dave Batista™
Demon Wrestling - The Official Website of WWE Wrestler Dave Batista.
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7.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Batista
Batista Unleashed provides a gripping personal account of his life before stepping into a WWE ring, and the choices he made that got him where he is today. ...
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8.
WWE Batista Vs Stone Cold
7 min - 8 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.3 out of 5.0
WWE - Batista & Mark Henry Vs Stone Cold & Goldberg
www.dailymotion.com/video/x9xc8_wwe-batista-vs-stone-cold_sport -
9.
WrestleMania 23 - Batista vs Undertaker
18 min - 7 Apr 2007
April 1st, 2007 Wrestlemania 23. Batista vs. the Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x1nkly_wrestlemania-23-batista-vs-undertak_extreme -
10.
BatistaWeb.com | WWE Dave Batista FanSite Since 2003
Fan site featuring biography, articles, and photos.
batistaweb.com/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Adhemas Batista - "I'm Selling Colors"
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News results for batista
SmackDown vs. RAW 2010 Update, Batista/Egyptian Steroid Ring News ... - 20 hours ago
Dave Batista's legal representation has been made of an underground steroid network in Egypt using his picture to brand all of their drugs. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 2 related articles »
Hogan Undergoes Laser Back Surgery, Raw Preview, Batista-Axxess - PWMania - 16 related articles »
RAW Roulette/Adamle Returning, Steroid Ring Uses Batista, McMahon ... - Impact Wrestling News - 9 related articles »
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Results 1 - 10 of about 32,900,000 for mark henry. (0.12 seconds)
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2.
Mark Henry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mark Jerrold Henry (born June 12, 1971) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) performing on its Raw ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry - Cached - Similar -
3.
Mark Henry screws up during Smackdown taping
3 min 28 sec - 5 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
Mark Henry is basically a dumbass.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m0bAWU4gKk -
4.
Goldberg vs Mark Henry
9 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
If Henry wins, Evolution pay him 100000$
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-Z7z0C-q4 -
5.
Mark Henry The Strongest Man That Ever Lived
Mark Henry had the greatest brute strength of all time.
www.criticalbench.com/Mark-Henry.htm - Cached - Similar -
6.
Undertaker VS Mark Henry
18 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
WWE Undertaker VS Mark Henry
www.dailymotion.com/video/x2asu3_undertaker-vs-mark-henry_extreme -
7.
Big Show vs. Mark Henry
4 min - 18 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
wwe
www.dailymotion.com/video/x54nks_big-show-vs-mark-henry_sport -
8.
Burlesque of the Damned
For a taste of Road Trip of the Living Dead and an interview with said ghostwriter, Mark Henry (who loves to take all the credit), check out Tale Chasing ...
burlesqueofthedamned.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
Mark Henry
Mark also blogs at The League of Reluctant Adults (he's a founding member) and occasionally at his original site, Burlesque of the Damned, though not as ...
www.markhenry.us/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Mark Henry
Official site of World Wrestling Entertainment! Mark Henry · Bio · Photos · Videos · Mobile · Products · WWECLASSICS.com · Appearances ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/markhenry/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Wholesale Women's Fashions by Mark Henry Fashions
Mark Henry Fashions is one of the most reliable wholesale distributors of mother of the bride & groom, social occasions and prom dresses in the nation.
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12.
News results for mark henry
SLAM! Sports WWE RAW Live Results - August 8th, 2009 - 5 days ago
Participants were Carlito, Ted Dibiase, Cody Rhodes, Jack Swagger, MVP, Primo, Jamie Noble, Kofi Kingston, Mark Henry, and the Big Show. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 72 related articles »
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Kamal Haasan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kamal Haasan's breakthrough as a lead actor came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an ...
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2.
Kamal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, ...
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3.
Kamal Hassan
3 min - 19 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
Good Song from MAHANADI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU7lTsoXdX0 -
4.
virumandi kamal speaking
6 min - 26 Dec 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
making kamal anger
www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5uHxcSga5U -
5.
$$$$$ Kamal $$$$$
Rap, music, hip hop, hiphop, master p, jay-z, p diddy, ll cool j, Kamal, rodney kamal jackson, rodney jackson.
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6.
Kamal Haasan - Actor -
Kamal Haasan videos and movie clips, Kamal Haasan pictures gallery and Kamal Haasan filmography movies at ApunKaChoice.com. Download latest Kamal Haasan ...
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Kamal comedy
8 min - 25 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x579bo_kamal-comedy_shortfilms -
8.
kamal (kamal) on Twitter
Hey there! kamal is using Twitter. Twitter is a free service that lets you ... Name kamal; Location Putrajaya, Putrajaya, Malaysia; Web http://blog.bitfl. ...
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9.
Dr Arif Kamal's Home Page
Homepage: http://www.ngds-ku.org/kamal • e-mail: kamal(at the rate of)ngds-ku.org ... Professor Dr. Syed Arif Kamal, Professor (BPS-21), Department of ...
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10.
Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly
Shah kamal qadri, 12th descendent of Ghous-e-Azam Sheikh Abdul qadir gilani came to India in 15th century from Baghdad to spread Islam.
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News results for kamal
CDGK cricket academy inaugurated: Kamal vows to support present ... - 17 hours ago
City Nazim Mustafa Kamal expressed these views during a ceremony hosted to present cricket academy at Nazimabad Eidgah Ground No 3 within the limits of ...
Daily Times - 4 related articles »
Nothing official about Kamal's 50 years in films! - Sify - 32 related articles »
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12.
Blog posts about kamal
Kamal Haasan's Next Venture 'Yudham Sei' | Latest Bollywood ... - Latest Bollywood|Kollywood|Tollywood| News - 1 day ago
Kamal Re Opens Hotel “Samco” • 123IndianOnline • WorldWide Tamil ... - 123IndianOnline - 2 days ago
Terror Free Somalia Foundation: 3rd man Kamal Hassan pleads guilty ... - Terror Free Somalia Foundation - 2 days ago
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Results 1 - 10 of about 110,000 for hellooooooooo. (0.29 seconds)
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Hellooooooooo
7 posts - 7 authors - Last post: 15 Jan 2006
Message 8885 - Posted 12 Jan 2006 23:45:13 UTC. Just a Big Howdy Doody ....... G'day All ______. The only stupid question is the unasked ...
boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/forum_thread.php?id=906 - Cached - Similar -
2.
My Skinny Garden: Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo
Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo. They are growing! I can't believe it! These are the seeds from Trudi at Wintersown.org. Brandywine. Beefsteak Heinz 1439 ...
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3.
Now Norma Knits : Hellooooooooo!
Pardon me for shouting. I'm just checking for echoes. Where IS everybody? I'm also trying out the new Typepad compose editor.
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5.
Hellooooooooo~waving~
From: Callie (71.49.26.86). Subject: Hellooooooooo~waving~. Date: July 10, 2009 at 5:25 am PST. In Reply to: Hi All! posted by huskamute on July 8, ...
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6.
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit...
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7.
MySpace.com - Hellooooooooo BETTY! - 100 - Female - US - myspace ...
MySpace profile for Hellooooooooo BETTY! with pictures, videos, personal blog, interests, information about me and more.
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Hellooooooooo - Polyvore
A fashion look from July 2009 featuring Gucci shoes, Oscar de la Renta dresses and Yves Saint Laurent bags. Browse and shop related looks.
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9.
A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia: hellooooooooo | Suite101.com
Discussions relating to Agoraphobia - A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia.
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Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... skunk? 6 toes. Have you seen our shooooooooooooooes? very small head. nasty. Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... by ...
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11.
Hellooooooooo - Deal and Coupon Forums, by DealofDay
2 posts - 2 authors - Last post: 10 May
Hey everyone, im not new just dont get on here much but i am trying to get back into the swing of things agin, and i just wanted to say ...
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2.
Jeff Hardy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
He is also featured in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling release Enigma: The Best of Jeff Hardy (2005) and Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders: Hardy Boys ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy - Cached - Similar -
3.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
4.
Rooftops - Jeff Hardy
2 min 17 sec - 9 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
"I am Jeff Hardy"; Rooftops by Lostprophets Credit goes to WWE.com Downloaded from Enigma-Reborn.com
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir22Ndn7eHc -
5.
News results for jeff hardy
Mirror.co.uk Jeff Hardy's Star Power, CM Punk News, WrestleMania Rumor - 10 hours ago
By Ned Lawrence – Adding to Jim Ross' claim that Jeff Hardy is unquestionably WWE's most popular Superstar, a new Wrestling Observer report says that Hardy ...
HeadlinePlanet.com - 8 related articles »
6.
Raw.14.01.2008 - Jeff Hardy Vs Randy Orton - IC.Title
10 min - 16 Jan 2008 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
Raw 14 01 2008 - Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy Vs WWE Champion Randy Orton - Intercontinental Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x42h4j_raw14012008-jeff-hardy-vs-randy-ort_sport -
7.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > Jeff Hardy
Check out the charismatic dardevil Jeff Hardy in action in his exclusive photo and video ... Jeff Hardy is a multiple-time Inter-Continental Champion. ...
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8.
Best oF: Jeff hardy & Rey Mysterio
3 min 39 sec - 6 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Un petit best of de jeff hardy et de rey mysterio. exelent!
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4865253839699111017 -
9.
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J ...
8 min - 22 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J" Jericho) No DQ.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5621776842304043416 -
10.
Jeff Hardy pictures from wrestling photos on webshots
Jeff Hardy pictures published by xtremesuperstar4.
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11.
The Hardy Show
Featuring our boys Matt and Jeff Hardy. All the years of wear and tear on their bodies and holding two Championship belts around there waist “Priceless”. ...
www.thematthardyshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
Quoted-Printable - a multipart alternative
Author of Beginning Rails and creator of the ever-popular Scribbish theme, Jeffrey Allan Hardy works at 37signals. He lives somewhere in the deep Canadian ...
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Results 1 - 10 of about 237,000,000 for big show. (0.34 seconds)
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2.
Paul Wight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For several months afterwards, WWE hyped up Big Show as the man who retired ..... On April 13, 2009, Big Show was drafted to the Raw brand as a part of the ...
Professional wrestling career - Early career - Media - Personal life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight - Cached - Similar -
3.
The Big Show - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
10 Jul 2009 ... The John Boy and Billy Big Show, a popular morning radio show in the Southern U.S.; Major League Baseball, in the context of players being ...
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4.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
5.
BIG SHOW VS REY MYSTERIO
9 min - 4 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
500 POUND GIANT VS THE 619
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn01nz7AWbU -
6.
JBL vs Big Show-Barbed Wire Cage match
25 min - 12 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
JBL defends his title against the Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match at No Way Out 2005. Great ending.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xz3mo_jbl-vs-big-showbarbed-wire-cage-mat_sport -
7.
Wrestlemania 24 Floyd Mayweather Vs Big Show
20 min - 3 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x4yca3_wrestlemania-24-floyd-mayweather-vs_sport -
8.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Big Show
Look back at some of Big Show's biggest hits with his devastating chokeslam – the move that has meant the end for countless opponents. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/bigshow/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
The Big Show
Syndicated morning show hosts. Station list, webcast, audio clips, fan club, gallery, links, and online store.
www.thebigshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe
8 min - 14 Aug 2008 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8344911111803783466 -
11.
The Big Show
4 years ago (that's better), The Big Show was started. It's come from a solo project, to a couplecast, to a couplecast without the couple. ...
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Results 1 - 10 of about 531,000 for the great khali. (0.28 seconds)
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2.
The Great Khali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dalip Singh Rana (Punjabi: ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਰਾਨਾ) (born August 27, 1972) better known by his ring name The Great Khali, is an Indian professional ...
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3.
Dalip Singh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
22 May 2009 ... first Sikh representative from India in the Olympics; Dalip Singh Rana, real name of actor and professional wrestler The Great Khali ...
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4.
The great khali titantron
47 sec - 11 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
the great khali titantron
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA3bdlVIgMI -
5.
Batista Vs The Great Khali
6 min - 7 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Batista answers The Great Khali challenge for the great american bash
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIZ0HQ1-BoU -
6.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > The Great Khali
See The Great Khali exert his dominance over WWE in his exclusive photo and video ... Get The Great Khali's entrance theme as your mobile ringtone, ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/thegreatkhali/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Dilip Singh - The Great Khali on Debut,הק×' ...
3 min 28 sec - 20 Aug 2006
(Empty description). Watch Video about No Description,Great by Metacafe.com
www.metacafe.com/watch/184668/dilip_singh_the_great_khali_on_debut/ -
8.
Batista vs The Great Khali 13/6/08
10 min - 15 Jun 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
WWE Smackdown! 13/6/08 Batista vs The Great Khali
www.dailymotion.com/video/x5scgk_batista-vs-the-great-khali-13608_sport -
9.
The Great Khali A.K.A- Dalip Singh Rana - Giant Singh
The biography of The Great Khali (Real Name: Dalip Singh Rana).
www.greatkhali.net/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
The Great Khali - Timeline of the Career of WWE Star The Great Khali
Timeline of the wrestling career of The Great Khali.
prowrestling.about.com/od/.../a/khalitimeline.htm - Cached - Similar -
11.
WWE The Great Khali alias Khali sometimes WWE Kali
We offer infomation about WWE The Great khali alias WWE khali somtimes WWE Kali. People who love the great Khali and continue to admire Khali (kali) ...
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2.
Dave Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Michael Bautista, Jr. (born January 18, 1969), better known by his ring name, Batista, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Media - Controversy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Batista - Cached - Similar -
3.
Fulgencio Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (Spanish pronunciation: [fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar]) (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban general and ...
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4.
Batista returns and destroys mark henry
8 min - 25 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
In Smackdown 7/7/2006
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UySsi3SnC4o -
5.
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
9 min - 5 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIiiiFCH-iw -
6.
DEMON-WRESTLING.COM - The Official Website of Dave Batista™
Demon Wrestling - The Official Website of WWE Wrestler Dave Batista.
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7.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Batista
Batista Unleashed provides a gripping personal account of his life before stepping into a WWE ring, and the choices he made that got him where he is today. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/batista/ - Cached - Similar -
8.
WWE Batista Vs Stone Cold
7 min - 8 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.3 out of 5.0
WWE - Batista & Mark Henry Vs Stone Cold & Goldberg
www.dailymotion.com/video/x9xc8_wwe-batista-vs-stone-cold_sport -
9.
WrestleMania 23 - Batista vs Undertaker
18 min - 7 Apr 2007
April 1st, 2007 Wrestlemania 23. Batista vs. the Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x1nkly_wrestlemania-23-batista-vs-undertak_extreme -
10.
BatistaWeb.com | WWE Dave Batista FanSite Since 2003
Fan site featuring biography, articles, and photos.
batistaweb.com/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Adhemas Batista - "I'm Selling Colors"
www.adhemas.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
News results for batista
SmackDown vs. RAW 2010 Update, Batista/Egyptian Steroid Ring News ... - 20 hours ago
Dave Batista's legal representation has been made of an underground steroid network in Egypt using his picture to brand all of their drugs. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 2 related articles »
Hogan Undergoes Laser Back Surgery, Raw Preview, Batista-Axxess - PWMania - 16 related articles »
RAW Roulette/Adamle Returning, Steroid Ring Uses Batista, McMahon ... - Impact Wrestling News - 9 related articles »
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Results 1 - 10 of about 32,900,000 for mark henry. (0.12 seconds)
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2.
Mark Henry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mark Jerrold Henry (born June 12, 1971) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) performing on its Raw ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry - Cached - Similar -
3.
Mark Henry screws up during Smackdown taping
3 min 28 sec - 5 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
Mark Henry is basically a dumbass.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m0bAWU4gKk -
4.
Goldberg vs Mark Henry
9 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
If Henry wins, Evolution pay him 100000$
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-Z7z0C-q4 -
5.
Mark Henry The Strongest Man That Ever Lived
Mark Henry had the greatest brute strength of all time.
www.criticalbench.com/Mark-Henry.htm - Cached - Similar -
6.
Undertaker VS Mark Henry
18 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
WWE Undertaker VS Mark Henry
www.dailymotion.com/video/x2asu3_undertaker-vs-mark-henry_extreme -
7.
Big Show vs. Mark Henry
4 min - 18 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
wwe
www.dailymotion.com/video/x54nks_big-show-vs-mark-henry_sport -
8.
Burlesque of the Damned
For a taste of Road Trip of the Living Dead and an interview with said ghostwriter, Mark Henry (who loves to take all the credit), check out Tale Chasing ...
burlesqueofthedamned.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
Mark Henry
Mark also blogs at The League of Reluctant Adults (he's a founding member) and occasionally at his original site, Burlesque of the Damned, though not as ...
www.markhenry.us/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Mark Henry
Official site of World Wrestling Entertainment! Mark Henry · Bio · Photos · Videos · Mobile · Products · WWECLASSICS.com · Appearances ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/markhenry/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Wholesale Women's Fashions by Mark Henry Fashions
Mark Henry Fashions is one of the most reliable wholesale distributors of mother of the bride & groom, social occasions and prom dresses in the nation.
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News results for mark henry
SLAM! Sports WWE RAW Live Results - August 8th, 2009 - 5 days ago
Participants were Carlito, Ted Dibiase, Cody Rhodes, Jack Swagger, MVP, Primo, Jamie Noble, Kofi Kingston, Mark Henry, and the Big Show. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 72 related articles »
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Results 1 - 10 of about 32,900,000 for mark henry. (0.12 seconds)
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Image results for mark henry
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http://hottoptrends.com/2009/06/30/mark-henry/http://www.criticalbench.com/Mark-Henry.htmhttp://tv.yahoo.com/friday-night-smackdown/show/34801/photos/11http://wwe.mytopix.com/mark_henry/
2.
Mark Henry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mark Jerrold Henry (born June 12, 1971) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) performing on its Raw ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry - Cached - Similar -
3.
Mark Henry screws up during Smackdown taping
3 min 28 sec - 5 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
Mark Henry is basically a dumbass.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m0bAWU4gKk -
4.
Goldberg vs Mark Henry
9 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
If Henry wins, Evolution pay him 100000$
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-Z7z0C-q4 -
5.
Mark Henry The Strongest Man That Ever Lived
Mark Henry had the greatest brute strength of all time.
www.criticalbench.com/Mark-Henry.htm - Cached - Similar -
6.
Undertaker VS Mark Henry
18 min - 17 Jun 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
WWE Undertaker VS Mark Henry
www.dailymotion.com/video/x2asu3_undertaker-vs-mark-henry_extreme -
7.
Big Show vs. Mark Henry
4 min - 18 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
wwe
www.dailymotion.com/video/x54nks_big-show-vs-mark-henry_sport -
8.
Burlesque of the Damned
For a taste of Road Trip of the Living Dead and an interview with said ghostwriter, Mark Henry (who loves to take all the credit), check out Tale Chasing ...
burlesqueofthedamned.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
Mark Henry
Mark also blogs at The League of Reluctant Adults (he's a founding member) and occasionally at his original site, Burlesque of the Damned, though not as ...
www.markhenry.us/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Mark Henry
Official site of World Wrestling Entertainment! Mark Henry · Bio · Photos · Videos · Mobile · Products · WWECLASSICS.com · Appearances ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/markhenry/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Wholesale Women's Fashions by Mark Henry Fashions
Mark Henry Fashions is one of the most reliable wholesale distributors of mother of the bride & groom, social occasions and prom dresses in the nation.
www.markhenryfashions.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
News results for mark henry
SLAM! Sports WWE RAW Live Results - August 8th, 2009 - 5 days ago
Participants were Carlito, Ted Dibiase, Cody Rhodes, Jack Swagger, MVP, Primo, Jamie Noble, Kofi Kingston, Mark Henry, and the Big Show. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 72 related articles »
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1.
Kamal Haasan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kamal Haasan's breakthrough as a lead actor came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan - Cached - Similar -
2.
Kamal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal - Cached - Similar -
3.
Kamal Hassan
3 min - 19 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
Good Song from MAHANADI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU7lTsoXdX0 -
4.
virumandi kamal speaking
6 min - 26 Dec 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
making kamal anger
www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5uHxcSga5U -
5.
$$$$$ Kamal $$$$$
Rap, music, hip hop, hiphop, master p, jay-z, p diddy, ll cool j, Kamal, rodney kamal jackson, rodney jackson.
www.kamal2000.com/ - Cached - Similar -
6.
Kamal Haasan - Actor -
Kamal Haasan videos and movie clips, Kamal Haasan pictures gallery and Kamal Haasan filmography movies at ApunKaChoice.com. Download latest Kamal Haasan ...
www.apunkachoice.com/celebrities/kamal_haasan/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Kamal comedy
8 min - 25 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x579bo_kamal-comedy_shortfilms -
8.
kamal (kamal) on Twitter
Hey there! kamal is using Twitter. Twitter is a free service that lets you ... Name kamal; Location Putrajaya, Putrajaya, Malaysia; Web http://blog.bitfl. ...
twitter.com/kamal - Cached - Similar -
9.
Dr Arif Kamal's Home Page
Homepage: http://www.ngds-ku.org/kamal • e-mail: kamal(at the rate of)ngds-ku.org ... Professor Dr. Syed Arif Kamal, Professor (BPS-21), Department of ...
ngds-ku.org/kamal/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly
Shah kamal qadri, 12th descendent of Ghous-e-Azam Sheikh Abdul qadir gilani came to India in 15th century from Baghdad to spread Islam.
www.shah-kamal.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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News results for kamal
CDGK cricket academy inaugurated: Kamal vows to support present ... - 17 hours ago
City Nazim Mustafa Kamal expressed these views during a ceremony hosted to present cricket academy at Nazimabad Eidgah Ground No 3 within the limits of ...
Daily Times - 4 related articles »
Nothing official about Kamal's 50 years in films! - Sify - 32 related articles »
Kamal lauds Centre for approving MTS - Daily Times - 8 related articles »
12.
Blog posts about kamal
Kamal Haasan's Next Venture 'Yudham Sei' | Latest Bollywood ... - Latest Bollywood|Kollywood|Tollywood| News - 1 day ago
Kamal Re Opens Hotel “Samco” • 123IndianOnline • WorldWide Tamil ... - 123IndianOnline - 2 days ago
Terror Free Somalia Foundation: 3rd man Kamal Hassan pleads guilty ... - Terror Free Somalia Foundation - 2 days ago
Searches related to: kamalkamal kapoor kamal director kamala rajini
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1.
Kamal Haasan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kamal Haasan's breakthrough as a lead actor came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan - Cached - Similar -
2.
Kamal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal - Cached - Similar -
3.
Kamal Hassan
3 min - 19 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
Good Song from MAHANADI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU7lTsoXdX0 -
4.
virumandi kamal speaking
6 min - 26 Dec 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
making kamal anger
www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5uHxcSga5U -
5.
$$$$$ Kamal $$$$$
Rap, music, hip hop, hiphop, master p, jay-z, p diddy, ll cool j, Kamal, rodney kamal jackson, rodney jackson.
www.kamal2000.com/ - Cached - Similar -
6.
Kamal Haasan - Actor -
Kamal Haasan videos and movie clips, Kamal Haasan pictures gallery and Kamal Haasan filmography movies at ApunKaChoice.com. Download latest Kamal Haasan ...
www.apunkachoice.com/celebrities/kamal_haasan/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Kamal comedy
8 min - 25 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x579bo_kamal-comedy_shortfilms -
8.
kamal (kamal) on Twitter
Hey there! kamal is using Twitter. Twitter is a free service that lets you ... Name kamal; Location Putrajaya, Putrajaya, Malaysia; Web http://blog.bitfl. ...
twitter.com/kamal - Cached - Similar -
9.
Dr Arif Kamal's Home Page
Homepage: http://www.ngds-ku.org/kamal • e-mail: kamal(at the rate of)ngds-ku.org ... Professor Dr. Syed Arif Kamal, Professor (BPS-21), Department of ...
ngds-ku.org/kamal/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly
Shah kamal qadri, 12th descendent of Ghous-e-Azam Sheikh Abdul qadir gilani came to India in 15th century from Baghdad to spread Islam.
www.shah-kamal.com/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
News results for kamal
CDGK cricket academy inaugurated: Kamal vows to support present ... - 17 hours ago
City Nazim Mustafa Kamal expressed these views during a ceremony hosted to present cricket academy at Nazimabad Eidgah Ground No 3 within the limits of ...
Daily Times - 4 related articles »
Nothing official about Kamal's 50 years in films! - Sify - 32 related articles »
Kamal lauds Centre for approving MTS - Daily Times - 8 related articles »
12.
Blog posts about kamal
Kamal Haasan's Next Venture 'Yudham Sei' | Latest Bollywood ... - Latest Bollywood|Kollywood|Tollywood| News - 1 day ago
Kamal Re Opens Hotel “Samco” • 123IndianOnline • WorldWide Tamil ... - 123IndianOnline - 2 days ago
Terror Free Somalia Foundation: 3rd man Kamal Hassan pleads guilty ... - Terror Free Somalia Foundation - 2 days ago
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Results 1 - 10 of about 110,000 for hellooooooooo. (0.29 seconds)
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1.
Hellooooooooo
7 posts - 7 authors - Last post: 15 Jan 2006
Message 8885 - Posted 12 Jan 2006 23:45:13 UTC. Just a Big Howdy Doody ....... G'day All ______. The only stupid question is the unasked ...
boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/forum_thread.php?id=906 - Cached - Similar -
2.
My Skinny Garden: Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo
Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo. They are growing! I can't believe it! These are the seeds from Trudi at Wintersown.org. Brandywine. Beefsteak Heinz 1439 ...
myskinnygarden.blogspot.com/.../hellooooooooo-tomatoooooo.html - Cached - Similar -
3.
Now Norma Knits : Hellooooooooo!
Pardon me for shouting. I'm just checking for echoes. Where IS everybody? I'm also trying out the new Typepad compose editor.
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Image results for hellooooooooo
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5.
Hellooooooooo~waving~
From: Callie (71.49.26.86). Subject: Hellooooooooo~waving~. Date: July 10, 2009 at 5:25 am PST. In Reply to: Hi All! posted by huskamute on July 8, ...
www.vegsource.com/animal/dogs/messages/1017684.html - Cached - Similar -
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hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit...
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MySpace.com - Hellooooooooo BETTY! - 100 - Female - US - myspace ...
MySpace profile for Hellooooooooo BETTY! with pictures, videos, personal blog, interests, information about me and more.
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Hellooooooooo - Polyvore
A fashion look from July 2009 featuring Gucci shoes, Oscar de la Renta dresses and Yves Saint Laurent bags. Browse and shop related looks.
www.polyvore.com/hellooooooooo/set?id=10695019 - Cached - Similar -
9.
A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia: hellooooooooo | Suite101.com
Discussions relating to Agoraphobia - A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia.
www.suite101.com/discussion.cfm/agoraphobia/.../697495 - Cached - Similar -
10.
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... skunk? 6 toes. Have you seen our shooooooooooooooes? very small head. nasty. Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... by ...
www.flickr.com/photos/malingering/1578027287/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Hellooooooooo - Deal and Coupon Forums, by DealofDay
2 posts - 2 authors - Last post: 10 May
Hey everyone, im not new just dont get on here much but i am trying to get back into the swing of things agin, and i just wanted to say ...
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1.
Hellooooooooo
7 posts - 7 authors - Last post: 15 Jan 2006
Message 8885 - Posted 12 Jan 2006 23:45:13 UTC. Just a Big Howdy Doody ....... G'day All ______. The only stupid question is the unasked ...
boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/forum_thread.php?id=906 - Cached - Similar -
2.
My Skinny Garden: Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo
Hellooooooooo Tomatoooooo. They are growing! I can't believe it! These are the seeds from Trudi at Wintersown.org. Brandywine. Beefsteak Heinz 1439 ...
myskinnygarden.blogspot.com/.../hellooooooooo-tomatoooooo.html - Cached - Similar -
3.
Now Norma Knits : Hellooooooooo!
Pardon me for shouting. I'm just checking for echoes. Where IS everybody? I'm also trying out the new Typepad compose editor.
nownormaknits2.typepad.com/.../hellooooooooo-1.html - Cached - Similar -
4.
Image results for hellooooooooo
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http://www.myspace.com/appleappealhttp://www.myspace.com/eetee85http://www.flickr.com/photos/malingering/1578027287/http://thesummertimes.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.html
5.
Hellooooooooo~waving~
From: Callie (71.49.26.86). Subject: Hellooooooooo~waving~. Date: July 10, 2009 at 5:25 am PST. In Reply to: Hi All! posted by huskamute on July 8, ...
www.vegsource.com/animal/dogs/messages/1017684.html - Cached - Similar -
6.
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit
hellooooooooo its ankit kashyap cyber cafe wala ankit...
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7.
MySpace.com - Hellooooooooo BETTY! - 100 - Female - US - myspace ...
MySpace profile for Hellooooooooo BETTY! with pictures, videos, personal blog, interests, information about me and more.
www.myspace.com/appleappeal - Cached - Similar -
8.
Hellooooooooo - Polyvore
A fashion look from July 2009 featuring Gucci shoes, Oscar de la Renta dresses and Yves Saint Laurent bags. Browse and shop related looks.
www.polyvore.com/hellooooooooo/set?id=10695019 - Cached - Similar -
9.
A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia: hellooooooooo | Suite101.com
Discussions relating to Agoraphobia - A Re-Definition of Agoraphobia.
www.suite101.com/discussion.cfm/agoraphobia/.../697495 - Cached - Similar -
10.
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... skunk? 6 toes. Have you seen our shooooooooooooooes? very small head. nasty. Hellooooooooo barefoot ladies.... by ...
www.flickr.com/photos/malingering/1578027287/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Hellooooooooo - Deal and Coupon Forums, by DealofDay
2 posts - 2 authors - Last post: 10 May
Hey everyone, im not new just dont get on here much but i am trying to get back into the swing of things agin, and i just wanted to say ...
forums.dealofday.com/.../218949-hellooooooooo.html - Cached - Similar -
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Results 1 - 10 of about 3,860,000 for jeff hardy. (0.11 seconds)
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http://www.sodahead.com/question/204778/jeff-hardy-or-matt-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/blog/119839/jeff-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/question/274469/john-cena-or-jeff-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/question/274469/john-cena-or-jeff-hardy/
2.
Jeff Hardy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
He is also featured in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling release Enigma: The Best of Jeff Hardy (2005) and Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders: Hardy Boys ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy - Cached - Similar -
3.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
4.
Rooftops - Jeff Hardy
2 min 17 sec - 9 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
"I am Jeff Hardy"; Rooftops by Lostprophets Credit goes to WWE.com Downloaded from Enigma-Reborn.com
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir22Ndn7eHc -
5.
News results for jeff hardy
Mirror.co.uk Jeff Hardy's Star Power, CM Punk News, WrestleMania Rumor - 10 hours ago
By Ned Lawrence – Adding to Jim Ross' claim that Jeff Hardy is unquestionably WWE's most popular Superstar, a new Wrestling Observer report says that Hardy ...
HeadlinePlanet.com - 8 related articles »
6.
Raw.14.01.2008 - Jeff Hardy Vs Randy Orton - IC.Title
10 min - 16 Jan 2008 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
Raw 14 01 2008 - Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy Vs WWE Champion Randy Orton - Intercontinental Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x42h4j_raw14012008-jeff-hardy-vs-randy-ort_sport -
7.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > Jeff Hardy
Check out the charismatic dardevil Jeff Hardy in action in his exclusive photo and video ... Jeff Hardy is a multiple-time Inter-Continental Champion. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/jeffhardy/ - Cached - Similar -
8.
Best oF: Jeff hardy & Rey Mysterio
3 min 39 sec - 6 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Un petit best of de jeff hardy et de rey mysterio. exelent!
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4865253839699111017 -
9.
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J ...
8 min - 22 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J" Jericho) No DQ.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5621776842304043416 -
10.
Jeff Hardy pictures from wrestling photos on webshots
Jeff Hardy pictures published by xtremesuperstar4.
sports.webshots.com/album/553489244BzZDFW - Cached - Similar -
11.
The Hardy Show
Featuring our boys Matt and Jeff Hardy. All the years of wear and tear on their bodies and holding two Championship belts around there waist “Priceless”. ...
www.thematthardyshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
Quoted-Printable - a multipart alternative
Author of Beginning Rails and creator of the ever-popular Scribbish theme, Jeffrey Allan Hardy works at 37signals. He lives somewhere in the deep Canadian ...
quotedprintable.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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http://www.sodahead.com/question/204778/jeff-hardy-or-matt-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/blog/119839/jeff-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/question/274469/john-cena-or-jeff-hardy/http://www.sodahead.com/question/274469/john-cena-or-jeff-hardy/
2.
Jeff Hardy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
He is also featured in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling release Enigma: The Best of Jeff Hardy (2005) and Pro Wrestling's Ultimate Insiders: Hardy Boys ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy - Cached - Similar -
3.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
4.
Rooftops - Jeff Hardy
2 min 17 sec - 9 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
"I am Jeff Hardy"; Rooftops by Lostprophets Credit goes to WWE.com Downloaded from Enigma-Reborn.com
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir22Ndn7eHc -
5.
News results for jeff hardy
Mirror.co.uk Jeff Hardy's Star Power, CM Punk News, WrestleMania Rumor - 10 hours ago
By Ned Lawrence – Adding to Jim Ross' claim that Jeff Hardy is unquestionably WWE's most popular Superstar, a new Wrestling Observer report says that Hardy ...
HeadlinePlanet.com - 8 related articles »
6.
Raw.14.01.2008 - Jeff Hardy Vs Randy Orton - IC.Title
10 min - 16 Jan 2008 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
Raw 14 01 2008 - Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy Vs WWE Champion Randy Orton - Intercontinental Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x42h4j_raw14012008-jeff-hardy-vs-randy-ort_sport -
7.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > Jeff Hardy
Check out the charismatic dardevil Jeff Hardy in action in his exclusive photo and video ... Jeff Hardy is a multiple-time Inter-Continental Champion. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/jeffhardy/ - Cached - Similar -
8.
Best oF: Jeff hardy & Rey Mysterio
3 min 39 sec - 6 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Un petit best of de jeff hardy et de rey mysterio. exelent!
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4865253839699111017 -
9.
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J ...
8 min - 22 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
HBK and Jeff Hardy vs Vitamin C (Christian and Chris "Y2J" Jericho) No DQ.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5621776842304043416 -
10.
Jeff Hardy pictures from wrestling photos on webshots
Jeff Hardy pictures published by xtremesuperstar4.
sports.webshots.com/album/553489244BzZDFW - Cached - Similar -
11.
The Hardy Show
Featuring our boys Matt and Jeff Hardy. All the years of wear and tear on their bodies and holding two Championship belts around there waist “Priceless”. ...
www.thematthardyshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
Quoted-Printable - a multipart alternative
Author of Beginning Rails and creator of the ever-popular Scribbish theme, Jeffrey Allan Hardy works at 37signals. He lives somewhere in the deep Canadian ...
quotedprintable.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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Results 1 - 10 of about 237,000,000 for big show. (0.34 seconds)
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http://www.ugo.com/sports/best-wwe-wrestlers/?cur=the-big-showhttp://profiles.friendster.com/63620932http://prowrestling.about.com/od/photogalleries/ig/WrestleMania-24-Preview/The-Big-Show.htmhttp://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/arash_markazi/03/30/wrestlemania/
2.
Paul Wight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For several months afterwards, WWE hyped up Big Show as the man who retired ..... On April 13, 2009, Big Show was drafted to the Raw brand as a part of the ...
Professional wrestling career - Early career - Media - Personal life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight - Cached - Similar -
3.
The Big Show - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
10 Jul 2009 ... The John Boy and Billy Big Show, a popular morning radio show in the Southern U.S.; Major League Baseball, in the context of players being ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Show - Cached - Similar -
Show more results from en.wikipedia.org
4.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
5.
BIG SHOW VS REY MYSTERIO
9 min - 4 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
500 POUND GIANT VS THE 619
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn01nz7AWbU -
6.
JBL vs Big Show-Barbed Wire Cage match
25 min - 12 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
JBL defends his title against the Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match at No Way Out 2005. Great ending.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xz3mo_jbl-vs-big-showbarbed-wire-cage-mat_sport -
7.
Wrestlemania 24 Floyd Mayweather Vs Big Show
20 min - 3 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x4yca3_wrestlemania-24-floyd-mayweather-vs_sport -
8.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Big Show
Look back at some of Big Show's biggest hits with his devastating chokeslam – the move that has meant the end for countless opponents. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/bigshow/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
The Big Show
Syndicated morning show hosts. Station list, webcast, audio clips, fan club, gallery, links, and online store.
www.thebigshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe
8 min - 14 Aug 2008 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8344911111803783466 -
11.
The Big Show
4 years ago (that's better), The Big Show was started. It's come from a solo project, to a couplecast, to a couplecast without the couple. ...
www.bigshowradio.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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Results 1 - 10 of about 237,000,000 for big show. (0.34 seconds)
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http://www.ugo.com/sports/best-wwe-wrestlers/?cur=the-big-showhttp://profiles.friendster.com/63620932http://prowrestling.about.com/od/photogalleries/ig/WrestleMania-24-Preview/The-Big-Show.htmhttp://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/arash_markazi/03/30/wrestlemania/
2.
Paul Wight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For several months afterwards, WWE hyped up Big Show as the man who retired ..... On April 13, 2009, Big Show was drafted to the Raw brand as a part of the ...
Professional wrestling career - Early career - Media - Personal life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wight - Cached - Similar -
3.
The Big Show - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
10 Jul 2009 ... The John Boy and Billy Big Show, a popular morning radio show in the Southern U.S.; Major League Baseball, in the context of players being ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Show - Cached - Similar -
Show more results from en.wikipedia.org
4.
Jeff Hardy vs Big Show
4 min 49 sec - 30 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
Just see it!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UIjl4IKnO0 -
5.
BIG SHOW VS REY MYSTERIO
9 min - 4 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
500 POUND GIANT VS THE 619
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn01nz7AWbU -
6.
JBL vs Big Show-Barbed Wire Cage match
25 min - 12 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.0 out of 5.0
JBL defends his title against the Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match at No Way Out 2005. Great ending.
www.dailymotion.com/video/xz3mo_jbl-vs-big-showbarbed-wire-cage-mat_sport -
7.
Wrestlemania 24 Floyd Mayweather Vs Big Show
20 min - 3 Apr 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
www.dailymotion.com/video/x4yca3_wrestlemania-24-floyd-mayweather-vs_sport -
8.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Big Show
Look back at some of Big Show's biggest hits with his devastating chokeslam – the move that has meant the end for countless opponents. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/bigshow/ - Cached - Similar -
9.
The Big Show
Syndicated morning show hosts. Station list, webcast, audio clips, fan club, gallery, links, and online store.
www.thebigshow.com/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe
8 min - 14 Aug 2008 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
John Cena Vs Big Show - Battle Rap wwe.
video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8344911111803783466 -
11.
The Big Show
4 years ago (that's better), The Big Show was started. It's come from a solo project, to a couplecast, to a couplecast without the couple. ...
www.bigshowradio.blogspot.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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Results 1 - 10 of about 531,000 for the great khali. (0.28 seconds)
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Image results for the great khali
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http://photos.exposay.com/The_Great_Khali/photo/30970/http://www.seibertron.com/energonpub/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=11&start=915&st=0&sk=t&sd=ahttp://forums.digitalpoint.com/showthread.php?t=967651http://www.fugly.com/pictures/11761/Rey_Mysterio_vs_The_Great_Khali.html
2.
The Great Khali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dalip Singh Rana (Punjabi: ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਰਾਨਾ) (born August 27, 1972) better known by his ring name The Great Khali, is an Indian professional ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Khali - Cached - Similar -
3.
Dalip Singh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
22 May 2009 ... first Sikh representative from India in the Olympics; Dalip Singh Rana, real name of actor and professional wrestler The Great Khali ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalip_Singh - Cached - Similar -
4.
The great khali titantron
47 sec - 11 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
the great khali titantron
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA3bdlVIgMI -
5.
Batista Vs The Great Khali
6 min - 7 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Batista answers The Great Khali challenge for the great american bash
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIZ0HQ1-BoU -
6.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > The Great Khali
See The Great Khali exert his dominance over WWE in his exclusive photo and video ... Get The Great Khali's entrance theme as your mobile ringtone, ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/thegreatkhali/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Dilip Singh - The Great Khali on Debut,הק×' ...
3 min 28 sec - 20 Aug 2006
(Empty description). Watch Video about No Description,Great by Metacafe.com
www.metacafe.com/watch/184668/dilip_singh_the_great_khali_on_debut/ -
8.
Batista vs The Great Khali 13/6/08
10 min - 15 Jun 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
WWE Smackdown! 13/6/08 Batista vs The Great Khali
www.dailymotion.com/video/x5scgk_batista-vs-the-great-khali-13608_sport -
9.
The Great Khali A.K.A- Dalip Singh Rana - Giant Singh
The biography of The Great Khali (Real Name: Dalip Singh Rana).
www.greatkhali.net/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
The Great Khali - Timeline of the Career of WWE Star The Great Khali
Timeline of the wrestling career of The Great Khali.
prowrestling.about.com/od/.../a/khalitimeline.htm - Cached - Similar -
11.
WWE The Great Khali alias Khali sometimes WWE Kali
We offer infomation about WWE The Great khali alias WWE khali somtimes WWE Kali. People who love the great Khali and continue to admire Khali (kali) ...
www.thegreatindiankhali.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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http://photos.exposay.com/The_Great_Khali/photo/30970/http://www.seibertron.com/energonpub/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=11&start=915&st=0&sk=t&sd=ahttp://forums.digitalpoint.com/showthread.php?t=967651http://www.fugly.com/pictures/11761/Rey_Mysterio_vs_The_Great_Khali.html
2.
The Great Khali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dalip Singh Rana (Punjabi: ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਰਾਨਾ) (born August 27, 1972) better known by his ring name The Great Khali, is an Indian professional ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Khali - Cached - Similar -
3.
Dalip Singh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
22 May 2009 ... first Sikh representative from India in the Olympics; Dalip Singh Rana, real name of actor and professional wrestler The Great Khali ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalip_Singh - Cached - Similar -
4.
The great khali titantron
47 sec - 11 Apr 2007 -
Rated 4.4 out of 5.0
the great khali titantron
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA3bdlVIgMI -
5.
Batista Vs The Great Khali
6 min - 7 Jul 2007 -
Rated 4.7 out of 5.0
Batista answers The Great Khali challenge for the great american bash
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIZ0HQ1-BoU -
6.
WWE: Superstars > SmackDown > The Great Khali
See The Great Khali exert his dominance over WWE in his exclusive photo and video ... Get The Great Khali's entrance theme as your mobile ringtone, ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/thegreatkhali/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
Dilip Singh - The Great Khali on Debut,הק×' ...
3 min 28 sec - 20 Aug 2006
(Empty description). Watch Video about No Description,Great by Metacafe.com
www.metacafe.com/watch/184668/dilip_singh_the_great_khali_on_debut/ -
8.
Batista vs The Great Khali 13/6/08
10 min - 15 Jun 2008 -
Rated 5.0 out of 5.0
WWE Smackdown! 13/6/08 Batista vs The Great Khali
www.dailymotion.com/video/x5scgk_batista-vs-the-great-khali-13608_sport -
9.
The Great Khali A.K.A- Dalip Singh Rana - Giant Singh
The biography of The Great Khali (Real Name: Dalip Singh Rana).
www.greatkhali.net/ - Cached - Similar -
10.
The Great Khali - Timeline of the Career of WWE Star The Great Khali
Timeline of the wrestling career of The Great Khali.
prowrestling.about.com/od/.../a/khalitimeline.htm - Cached - Similar -
11.
WWE The Great Khali alias Khali sometimes WWE Kali
We offer infomation about WWE The Great khali alias WWE khali somtimes WWE Kali. People who love the great Khali and continue to admire Khali (kali) ...
www.thegreatindiankhali.com/ - Cached - Similar -
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Results 1 - 10 of about 20,400,000 for batista. (0.10 seconds)
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Image results for batista
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http://www.latestwwerumors.com/wwe-news-batista-out-of-wwe/http://www.sodahead.com/question/60669/who-is-the-better-man-batista-or-the-undertaker/http://www.magnustoday.com/2009/03/batista-in-manila-2009/http://www.graphicshunt.com/search/1/dave+batista+graphics.htm
2.
Dave Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Michael Bautista, Jr. (born January 18, 1969), better known by his ring name, Batista, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Media - Controversy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Batista - Cached - Similar -
3.
Fulgencio Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (Spanish pronunciation: [fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar]) (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban general and ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista - Cached - Similar -
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4.
Batista returns and destroys mark henry
8 min - 25 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
In Smackdown 7/7/2006
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UySsi3SnC4o -
5.
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
9 min - 5 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIiiiFCH-iw -
6.
DEMON-WRESTLING.COM - The Official Website of Dave Batista™
Demon Wrestling - The Official Website of WWE Wrestler Dave Batista.
www.demon-wrestling.com/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Batista
Batista Unleashed provides a gripping personal account of his life before stepping into a WWE ring, and the choices he made that got him where he is today. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/batista/ - Cached - Similar -
8.
WWE Batista Vs Stone Cold
7 min - 8 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.3 out of 5.0
WWE - Batista & Mark Henry Vs Stone Cold & Goldberg
www.dailymotion.com/video/x9xc8_wwe-batista-vs-stone-cold_sport -
9.
WrestleMania 23 - Batista vs Undertaker
18 min - 7 Apr 2007
April 1st, 2007 Wrestlemania 23. Batista vs. the Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship
www.dailymotion.com/video/x1nkly_wrestlemania-23-batista-vs-undertak_extreme -
10.
BatistaWeb.com | WWE Dave Batista FanSite Since 2003
Fan site featuring biography, articles, and photos.
batistaweb.com/ - Cached - Similar -
11.
Adhemas Batista - "I'm Selling Colors"
www.adhemas.com/ - Cached - Similar -
12.
News results for batista
SmackDown vs. RAW 2010 Update, Batista/Egyptian Steroid Ring News ... - 20 hours ago
Dave Batista's legal representation has been made of an underground steroid network in Egypt using his picture to brand all of their drugs. ...
Wrestling-Edge.com - 2 related articles »
Hogan Undergoes Laser Back Surgery, Raw Preview, Batista-Axxess - PWMania - 16 related articles »
RAW Roulette/Adamle Returning, Steroid Ring Uses Batista, McMahon ... - Impact Wrestling News - 9 related articles »
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http://www.latestwwerumors.com/wwe-news-batista-out-of-wwe/http://www.sodahead.com/question/60669/who-is-the-better-man-batista-or-the-undertaker/http://www.magnustoday.com/2009/03/batista-in-manila-2009/http://www.graphicshunt.com/search/1/dave+batista+graphics.htm
2.
Dave Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Michael Bautista, Jr. (born January 18, 1969), better known by his ring name, Batista, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Media - Controversy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Batista - Cached - Similar -
3.
Fulgencio Batista - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (Spanish pronunciation: [fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar]) (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban general and ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista - Cached - Similar -
Show more results from en.wikipedia.org
4.
Batista returns and destroys mark henry
8 min - 25 Jan 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
In Smackdown 7/7/2006
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UySsi3SnC4o -
5.
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
9 min - 5 Nov 2007 -
Rated 4.8 out of 5.0
batista vs great khali vs rey mysterio unforgiven 2007
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIiiiFCH-iw -
6.
DEMON-WRESTLING.COM - The Official Website of Dave Batista™
Demon Wrestling - The Official Website of WWE Wrestler Dave Batista.
www.demon-wrestling.com/ - Cached - Similar -
7.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > Batista
Batista Unleashed provides a gripping personal account of his life before stepping into a WWE ring, and the choices he made that got him where he is today. ...
www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/batista/ - Cached - Similar -
8.
WWE Batista Vs Stone Cold
7 min - 8 Aug 2006 -
Rated 4.3 out of 5.0
WWE - Batista & Mark Henry Vs Stone Cold & Goldberg
www.dailymotion.com/video/x9xc8_wwe-batista-vs-stone-cold_sport -
9.
WrestleMania 23 - Batista vs Undertaker
18 min - 7 Apr 2007
April 1st, 2007 Wrestlemania 23. Batista vs. the Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship
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Adhemas Batista - "I'm Selling Colors"
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SmackDown vs. RAW 2010 Update, Batista/Egyptian Steroid Ring News ... - 20 hours ago
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John Cena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Felix Anthony Cena (born April 23, 1977) is an American actor, amateur hip hop musician, and professional wrestler currently employed by World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Other media - Personal life
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John Cena
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John Cena Pictures, Biography, Filmography, News, Videos
Straight up and in your face, the fan favorite rapper and WWE Champion John Cena has made quite the notorious reputation for himself in WWE by speaking the ...
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2.
John Cena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Felix Anthony Cena (born April 23, 1977) is an American actor, amateur hip hop musician, and professional wrestler currently employed by World ...
Early life - Professional wrestling career - Other media - Personal life
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3.
WWE: Superstars > Raw > John Cena
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3 min 1 sec
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12 Aug 2009 ... Welcome to Yahoo!, the world's most visited home page. Quickly find what you're searching for, get in touch with friends and stay ...
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Make cash while you shop online - 4 hours ago
Yahoo just introduced a new coupon website that offers online promo codes, ... It's called Yahoo Deals and you can check it out at deals.yahoo.com. ...
The Star-Ledger - NJ.com - 714 related articles »
Yahoo acquires OMG.com for just USD 80000 - TechWhack - 16 related articles »
Ask.com Mocks Yahoo - Mediapost.com - 2 related articles »
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Yahoo! Search - Web Search
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MSN Hotmail
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MSN Hotmail
Powerful free e-mail with security from Microsoft - Windows Live Hotmail is a best in class e-mail service that helps you organize and manage all your ...
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Video Owner Friendster : jpaopao_93@hotmail.com
3 min 52 sec - 7 Apr 2008 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
Giant vs Giant Big Show vs The Great Khali Smackdown
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLNBBXIg98U -
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Essentials - Windows Live
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Batman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Batman (TV series) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Batman: The Animated Series
1 min - 24 Feb 2006 -
Rated 4.9 out of 5.0
the kick-ass opening of Batman: The Animated Series
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5.
Batman Trailer (1989)
1 min 47 sec - 20 Dec 2006 -
Rated 4.6 out of 5.0
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRqa47-jv0M -
6.
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Batman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The Batman" redirects here. For the animated series, see The Batman (TV series).
This article is about the superhero. For other uses, see Batman (disambiguation).
Batman
Second printing cover of Batman #608 (October 2002).
Pencils by Jim Lee and inks by Scott Williams
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
First appearance Detective Comics #27
(May 1939)
Created by Bob Kane (concept)
Bill Finger[1]
(uncredited)
In-story information
Alter ego Richard Grayson (Current)
Bruce Wayne (Deceased)
Team affiliations Teen Titans (Richard Grayson)
Batman Family
Justice League
Wayne Enterprises
Outsiders
Partnerships Robin
Batgirl
Nightwing
Notable aliases Matches Malone, The Caped Crusader, The Dark Knight
Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man or the Batman, and additionally as the "Caped Crusader" and the "Dark Knight") is a fictional character, a comic book superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit), appearing in publications by DC Comics. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in May 1939.
In the original version of the story and the vast majority of subsequent retellings, Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire playboy, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime.[2] Batman operates in the fictional American Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his main sidekick Robin, occasional assistance from former sidekick Batgirl, and his butler Alfred Pennyworth, and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime. In DC Universe comics as of August 2009[update], after Wayne's apparent death at the hands of Darkseid, the role of Batman has been taken up by his former ward, and the first Robin, Dick Grayson.[3][4]
Batman became a popular character soon after his introduction and gained his own comic book title, Batman, in 1940. As the decades wore on, differing interpretations of the character emerged. The late 1960s Batman television series utilized a camp aesthetic associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, culminating in the 1986 miniseries Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, by writer-artist Frank Miller. The successes of director Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman and Christopher Nolan's 2005 reboot Batman Begins also helped to reignite popular interest in the character.[5] A cultural icon, Batman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media, from radio to television and film, and appears on a variety of merchandise sold all over the world.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Publication history
o 1.1 Creation
o 1.2 Early years
o 1.3 The 1950s and early 1960s
o 1.4 "New Look" Batman and camp
o 1.5 The Dark Knight Returns and later
* 2 Fictional character biography
o 2.1 Golden Age
o 2.2 Silver Age
o 2.3 Modern Batman
* 3 Characterization
o 3.1 Bruce Wayne
o 3.2 Dick Grayson
* 4 Skills, abilities, and resources
o 4.1 Costume
o 4.2 Equipment
o 4.3 Bat-Signal
o 4.4 Batcave
* 5 Supporting characters
o 5.1 Enemies
* 6 Cultural impact
o 6.1 Adaptations in other media
o 6.2 Homosexual interpretations
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links
[edit] Publication history
See also: List of Batman comics
[edit] Creation
In early 1938, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created "the Bat-Man."[6] Collaborator Bill Finger recalled Kane
“ …had an idea for a character called 'Batman', and he'd like me to see the drawings. I went over to Kane's, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of … reddish tights, I believe, with boots … no gloves, no gauntlets … with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two stiff wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign … BATMAN.[7] ”
Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl instead of a simple domino mask, a cape instead of wings, and gloves, and removing the red sections from the original costume.[8][9] Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity: "Bruce Wayne's first name came from Robert Bruce, the Scottish patriot. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock … then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne."[10]
Various aspects of Batman's personality, character history, visual design and equipment were inspired by contemporary popular culture of the 1930s, including movies, pulp magazines, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and even aspects of Kane himself.[11] Kane noted especially the influence of the films The Mask of Zorro (1920) and The Bat Whispers (1930) in the creation of the iconography associated with the character, while Finger drew inspiration from literary characters Doc Savage, The Shadow, and Sherlock Holmes in his depiction of Batman as a master sleuth and scientist.[12]
Kane, in his 1989 autobiography, detailed Finger's contributions to Batman's creation:
“ One day I called Bill and said, 'I have a new character called the Bat-Man and I've made some crude, elementary sketches I'd like you to look at'. He came over and I showed him the drawings. At the time, I only had a small domino mask, like the one Robin later wore, on Batman's face. Bill said, 'Why not make him look more like a bat and put a hood on him, and take the eyeballs out and just put slits for eyes to make him look more mysterious?' At this point, the Bat-Man wore a red union suit; the wings, trunks, and mask were black. I thought that red and black would be a good combination. Bill said that the costume was too bright: 'Color it dark gray to make it look more ominous'. The cape looked like two stiff bat wings attached to his arms. As Bill and I talked, we realized that these wings would get cumbersome when Bat-Man was in action, and changed them into a cape, scalloped to look like bat wings when he was fighting or swinging down on a rope. Also, he didn't have any gloves on, and we added them so that he wouldn't leave fingerprints.[13] ”
Kane signed away ownership in the character in exchange for, among other compensation, a mandatory byline on all Batman comics. This byline did not, originally, say "Batman created by Bob Kane"; his name was simply written on the title page of each story. The name disappeared from the comic book in the mid-1960s, replaced by credits for each story's actual writer and artists. In the late 1970s, when Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster began receiving a "created by" credit on the Superman titles, along with William Moulton Marston being given the byline for creating Wonder Woman, Batman stories began saying "Created by Bob Kane" in addition to the other credits.
Finger did not receive the same recognition. While he had received credit for other DC work since the 1940s, he began, in the 1960s, to receive limited acknowledgment for his Batman writing; in the letters page of Batman #169 (February 1965) for example, editor Julius Schwartz names him as the creator of the Riddler, one of Batman's recurring villains. However, Finger's contract left him only with his writing page rate and no byline. Kane wrote, "Bill was disheartened by the lack of major accomplishments in his career. He felt that he had not used his creative potential to its fullest and that success had passed him by."[10] At the time of Finger's death in 1974, DC had not officially credited Finger as Batman co-creator.
Jerry Robinson, who also worked with Finger and Kane on the strip at this time, has criticized Kane for failing to share the credit. He recalled Finger resenting his position, stating in a 2005 interview with The Comics Journal:
“ Bob made him more insecure, because while he slaved working on Batman, he wasn't sharing in any of the glory or the money that Bob began to make, which is why… [he was] going to leave [Kane's employ]. … [Kane] should have credited Bill as co-creator, because I know; I was there. … That was one thing I would never forgive Bob for, was not to take care of Bill or recognize his vital role in the creation of Batman. As with Siegel and Shuster, it should have been the same, the same co-creator credit in the strip, writer and artist.[14] ”
Although Kane initially rebutted Finger's claims at having created the character, writing in a 1965 open letter to fans that "it seemed to me that Bill Finger has given out the impression that he and not myself created the ''Batman, t' [sic] as well as Robin and all the other leading villains and characters. This statement is fraudulent and entirely untrue." Kane himself also commented on Finger's lack of credit. "The trouble with being a 'ghost' writer or artist is that you must remain rather anonymously without 'credit'. However, if one wants the 'credit', then one has to cease being a 'ghost' or follower and become a leader or innovator."[15]
In 1989, Kane revisited Finger's situation, recalling in an interview,
“ In those days it was like, one artist and he had his name over it [the comic strip] — the policy of DC in the comic books was, if you can't write it, obtain other writers, but their names would never appear on the comic book in the finished version. So Bill never asked me for it [the byline] and I never volunteered — I guess my ego at that time. And I felt badly, really, when he [Finger] died.[16] ”
[edit] Early years
Batman made his debut in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Cover art by Bob Kane
The first Batman story, "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate," was published in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Finger said, "Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps,"[17] and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940, while continuing to star in Detective Comics. By that time, National was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success.[18] The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of World's Finest Comics, which was originally titled World's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.
Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and the artistic depiction of Batman evolved. Kane noted that within six issues he drew the character's jawline more pronounced, and lengthened the ears on the costume. "About a year later he was almost the full figure, my mature Batman," Kane said.[19] Batman's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939), followed by the boomerang-like batarang and the first bat-themed vehicle, the Batplane, in #31 (September 1939). The character's origin was revealed in #33 (November 1939), unfolding in a two-page story that establishes the brooding persona of Batman, a character driven by the loss of his parents. Written by Finger, it depicts a young Bruce Wayne witnessing the death of his parents as part of a street robbery. Days later, at their grave, the child vows that "by the spirits of my parents [I will] avenge their deaths by spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals."[20][21][22]
The early, pulp-inflected portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) with the introduction of Robin, Batman's kid sidekick.[23] Robin was introduced, based on Finger's suggestion Batman needed a "Watson" with whom Batman could talk.[24] Sales nearly doubled, despite Kane's preference for a solo Batman, and it sparked a proliferation of "kid sidekicks."[25] The first issue of the solo spin-off series Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent antagonists, the Joker and Catwoman, but for a story in which Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death. That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun.[26]
By 1942, the writers and artists behind the Batman comics had established most of the basic elements of the Batman mythos.[27] In the years following World War II, DC Comics "adopted a postwar editorial direction that increasingly de-emphasized social commentary in favor of lighthearted juvenile fantasy." The impact of this editorial approach was evident in Batman comics of the postwar period; removed from the "bleak and menacing world" of the strips of the early 1940s, Batman was instead portrayed as a respectable citizen and paternal figure that inhabited a "bright and colorful" environment.[28]
[edit] The 1950s and early 1960s
Batman was one of the few superhero characters to be continuously published as interest in the genre waned during the 1950s. In the story "The Mightiest Team in the World" in Superman #76 (June 1952), Batman teams up with Superman for the first time and the pair discovers each other's secret identity.[29] Following the success of this story, World's Finest Comics was revamped so it featured stories starring both heroes together, instead of the separate Batman and Superman features that had been running before.[30] The team-up of the characters was "a financial success in an era when those were few and far between;"[31] this series of stories ran until the book's cancellation in 1986.
Batman comics were among those criticized when the comic book industry came under scrutiny with the publication of psychologist Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent in 1954. Wertham's thesis was that children imitated crimes committed in comic books, and that these works corrupt the morals of the youth. Wertham criticized Batman comics for their supposed homosexual overtones and argued that Batman and Robin were portrayed as lovers.[32] Wertham's criticisms raised a public outcry during the 1950s, eventually leading to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority. The tendency towards a "sunnier Batman" in the postwar years intensified after the introduction of the Comics Code.[33] It has also been suggested by scholars that the characters of Batwoman (in 1956) and Bat-Girl (in 1961) were introduced in part to refute the allegation that Batman and Robin were gay, and the stories took on a campier, lighter feel.[34]
In the late 1950s, Batman stories gradually became more science fiction-oriented, an attempt at mimicking the success of other DC characters that had dabbled in the genre.[35] New characters such as Batwoman, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Bat-Mite were introduced. Batman's adventures often involved odd transformations or bizarre space aliens. In 1960, Batman debuted as a member of the Justice League of America in The Brave and the Bold #28 (February 1960), and went on to appear in several Justice League comic series starting later that same year.
[edit] "New Look" Batman and camp
By 1964, sales on Batman titles had fallen drastically. Bob Kane noted that, as a result, DC was "planning to kill Batman off altogether."[36] In response to this, editor Julius Schwartz was assigned to the Batman titles. He presided over drastic changes, beginning with 1964's Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), which was cover-billed as the "New Look". Schwartz introduced changes designed to make Batman more contemporary, and to return him to more detective-oriented stories. He brought in artist Carmine Infantino to help overhaul the character. The Batmobile was redesigned, and Batman's costume was modified to incorporate a yellow ellipse behind the bat-insignia. The space aliens and characters of the 1950s such as Batwoman, Ace, and Bat-Mite were retired. Batman's butler Alfred was killed off (though his death was quickly reversed due to fan response) while a new female relative for the Wayne family, Aunt Harriet, came to live with Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson.[37]
Batman #227 (December 1970). An example of Batman's return to a Gothic atmosphere, in an homage to the cover of 1939's Detective Comics #31.[38] Art by Neal Adams.
The debut of the Batman television series in 1966 had a profound influence on the character. The success of the series increased sales throughout the comic book industry, and Batman reached a circulation of close to 900,000 copies.[39] Elements such as the character of Batgirl and the show's campy nature were introduced into the comics; the series also initiated the return of Alfred. Although both the comics and TV show were successful for a time, the camp approach eventually wore thin and the show was canceled in 1968. In the aftermath, the Batman comics themselves lost popularity once again. As Julius Schwartz noted, "When the television show was a success, I was asked to be campy, and of course when the show faded, so did the comic books."[40]
Starting in 1969, writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams made a deliberate effort to distance Batman from the campy portrayal of the 1960s TV series and to return the character to his roots as a "grim avenger of the night."[41] O'Neil said his idea was "simply to take it back to where it started. I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories. I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after."[42]
O'Neil and Adams first collaborated on the story "The Secret of the Waiting Graves" (Detective Comics #395, January 1970). Few stories were true collaborations between O'Neil, Adams, Schwartz, and inker Dick Giordano, and in actuality these men were mixed and matched with various other creators during the 1970s; nevertheless the influence of their work was "tremendous."[43] Giordano said: "We went back to a grimmer, darker Batman, and I think that's why these stories did so well... Even today we're still using Neal's Batman with the long flowing cape and the pointy ears."[44] While the work of O'Neil and Adams was popular with fans, the acclaim did little to help declining sales; the same held true with a similarly acclaimed run by writer Steve Englehart and penciler Marshall Rogers in Detective Comics #471-476 (August 1977 - April 1978), which went on to influence the 1989 movie Batman and be adapted for Batman: The Animated Series, which debuted in 1992.[45] Regardless, circulation continued to drop through the 1970s and 1980s, hitting an all-time low in 1985.[46]
[edit] The Dark Knight Returns and later
The first issue of Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, which redefined Batman in the 1980s. Pencils by Frank Miller.
Frank Miller's 1986 limited series Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, which tells the story of a 50 year old Batman coming out of retirement in a possible future, reinvigorated the character. The Dark Knight Returns was a financial success and has since become one of the medium's most noted touchstones.[47] The series also sparked a major resurgence in the character's popularity.[48]
That year Dennis O'Neil took over as editor of the Batman titles and set the template for the portrayal of Batman following DC's status quo-altering miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths. O'Neil operated under the assumption that he was hired to revamp the character and as a result tried to instill a different tone in the books than had gone before.[49] One outcome of this new approach was the "Year One" storyline in Batman #404-407 (February-May 1987), in which Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli redefined the character's origins. Writer Alan Moore and artist Brian Bolland continued this dark trend with 1988's 48-page one-shot Batman: The Killing Joke, in which the Joker, attempting to drive Commissioner Gordon insane, cripples Gordon's daughter Barbara, and then kidnaps and tortures the commissioner, physically and psychologically.
The Batman comics garnered major attention in 1988 when DC Comics created a 900 number for readers to call to vote on whether Jason Todd, the second Robin, lived or died. Voters decided in favor of Jason's death by a narrow margin of 28 votes (see Batman: A Death in the Family).[50] The following year saw the release of Tim Burton's Batman feature film, which firmly brought the character back to the public's attention, grossing millions of dollars at the box office, and millions more in merchandising. In the same year, the first issue of Legends of the Dark Knight, the first new solo Batman title in nearly fifty years, sold close to a million copies.[51]
The 1993 "Knightfall" story arc introduced a new villain, Bane, who critically injures Bruce Wayne. Jean-Paul Valley, known as Azrael, is called upon to wear the Batsuit during Wayne's convalescence. Writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant worked on the Batman titles during "Knightfall," and would also contribute to other Batman crossovers throughout the 1990s. 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline served as the precursor to 1999's "No Man's Land", a year-long storyline that ran through all the Batman-related titles dealing with the effects of an earthquake-ravaged Gotham City. At the conclusion of "No Man's Land", O'Neil stepped down as editor and was replaced by Bob Schreck.
Another writer who rose to prominence on the Batman comic series, was Jeph Loeb. Along with longtime collaborator Tim Sale, they wrote two mini-series ("The Long Halloween" and "Dark Victory") that pit an early in his career version of Batman against his entire rogue's gallery (most notably Two-Face, whose origin was re-envisioned by Loeb) while dealing with various mysteries involving serial killers Holiday and the Hangman, of which the former was the subject of intense debate and speculation amongst Batman fans. In 2003, Loeb teamed with artist Jim Lee to work on another mystery arc: "Batman: Hush" for the main Batman book. The twelve issue storyline saw Batman and Catwoman running the gauntlet against Batman's entire rogue's gallery, including an apparently resurrected Jason Todd, while seeking to find the identity of the mysterious super-villain Hush. While the character of Hush failed to catch on with readers, the arc was a sales success for DC. As the storyline was Jim Lee's first regular comic book work in nearly a decade, the series became #1 on the Diamond Comic Distributors sales chart for the first time since Batman #500 (October 1993) and Jason Todd's appearance laid the groundwork for writer Judd Winick's subsequent run as writer on Batman, with another multi-issue epic, "Under the Hood," which ran from Batman #637-650.
In 2005, DC launched All-Star Batman and Robin, a stand-alone comic series set outside the existing DC Universe. Written by Frank Miller and drawn by Jim Lee, the series was a commercial success for DC Comics[52][53] though widely panned by critics for its writing.[54][55]
Starting in 2006, the regular writers on Batman and Detective Comics were Grant Morrison and Paul Dini, with Grant Morrison reincorporating controversial elements of Batman lore (most notably, the science fiction themed storylines of the 1950s Batman comics, which Morrison revised as hallucinations Batman suffered under the influence of various mind-bending gases and extensive sensory deprivation training) into the character. Morrison's run climaxed with "Batman RIP," which brought Batman up against the villainous "Black Glove" organization, which sought to drive Batman into madness. Batman RIP segued into Final Crisis (also written by Morrison), which saw the apparent death of Batman at the hands of Darkseid. In the 2009 miniseries Batman: Battle for the Cowl, Wayne's former protégé Dick Grayson becomes the new Batman, and Wayne's son Damien becomes the new Robin.
In June 2009, Judd Winick returned to writing Batman, while Grant Morrison was given his own series, titled Batman and Robin.[56]
[edit] Fictional character biography
Batman's history has undergone various revisions, both minor and major. Few elements of the character's history have remained constant. Scholars William Uricchio and Roberta E. Pearson noted in the early 1990s, "Unlike some fictional characters, the Batman has no primary urtext set in a specific period, but has rather existed in a plethora of equally valid texts constantly appearing over more than five decades."[57]
The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character's origin story.[58] As a little boy, Bruce Wayne is horrified and traumatized to see his parents, the physician Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, being murdered by a mugger in front of his very eyes. This drives him to fight crime in Gotham City as Batman. Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin, "Until recently, the fixed and accruing and hence, canonized, events have been few in number,"[58] a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories.[59]
[edit] Golden Age
Bruce Wayne is inspired to become Batman. Detective Comics #33 (November 1939). Art by Bob Kane.
In Batman's first appearance in Detective Comics #27, he is already operating as a crime fighter.[60] Batman's origin is first presented in Detective Comics #33 in November 1939, and is later fleshed out in Batman #47. As these comics state, Bruce Wayne is born to Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, two very wealthy and charitable Gotham City socialites. Bruce is brought up in Wayne Manor, with its wealthy splendor, and leads a happy and privileged existence until the age of eight, when his parents are killed by a small-time criminal named Joe Chill while on their way home from a movie theater. Bruce Wayne swears an oath to rid the city of the evil that had taken his parents' lives. He engages in intense intellectual and physical training; however, he realizes that these skills alone would not be enough. "Criminals are a superstitious and cowardly lot," Wayne remarks, "so my disguise must be able to strike terror into their hearts. I must be a creature of the night, black, terrible..." As if responding to his desires, a bat suddenly flies through the window, inspiring Bruce to assume the persona of Batman.[61]
In early strips, Batman's career as a vigilante earns him the ire of the police. During this period Wayne has a fiancée named Julie Madison.[62] Wayne takes in an orphaned circus acrobat, Dick Grayson, who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Batman also becomes a founding member of the Justice Society of America,[63] although he, like Superman, is an honorary member,[64] and thus only participates occasionally. Batman's relationship with the law thaws quickly, and he is made an honorary member of Gotham City's police department.[65] During this time, butler Alfred Pennyworth arrives at Wayne Manor, and after deducing the Dynamic Duo's secret identities joins their service.[66]
[edit] Silver Age
See also: Batman (Earth-Two)
The Silver Age of comic books in DC Comics is sometimes held to have begun in 1956 when the publisher introduced Barry Allen as a new, updated version of The Flash. Batman is not significantly changed by the late 1950s for the continuity which would be later referred to as Earth-One. The lighter tone Batman had taken in the period between the Golden and Silver Ages led to the stories of the late 1950s and early 1960s that often feature a large number of science-fiction elements, and Batman is not significantly updated in the manner of other characters until Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), in which Batman reverts to his detective roots, with most science-fiction elements jettisoned from the series.
Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), debut of the "New Look" Batman. Cover art by Carmine Infantino & Joe Giella.
After the introduction of DC Comics' multiverse in the 1960s, DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth-Two Batman, a character from a parallel world. This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth-Two Catwoman, Selina Kyle (as shown in Superman Family #211) and fathers Helena Wayne, who, as the Huntress, becomes (along with Dick Grayson, the Earth-Two Robin) Gotham's protector once Wayne retires from the position to become police commissioner, a position he occupies until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman. Batman titles however often ignored that a distinction had been made between the pre-revamp and post-revamp Batmen (since unlike The Flash or Green Lantern, Batman comics had been published without interruption through the 1950s) and would on occasion make reference to stories from the Golden Age.[67] Nevertheless, details of Batman's history were altered or expanded upon through the decades. Additions include meetings with a future Superman during his youth, his upbringing by his uncle Philip Wayne (introduced in Batman #208, January/February 1969) after his parents' death, and appearances of his father and himself as prototypical versions of Batman and Robin, respectively.[68][69] In 1980 then-editor Paul Levitz commissioned the Untold Legend of the Batman limited series to thoroughly chronicle Batman's origin and history.
Batman meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman, whom he began regularly working alongside in a series of team-ups in World's Finest Comics, starting in 1954 and continuing through the series' cancellation in 1986. Batman and Superman are usually depicted as close friends. Batman becomes a founding member of the Justice League of America, appearing in its first story in 1960s Brave and the Bold #28. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brave and the Bold became a Batman title, in which Batman teams up with a different DC Universe superhero each month.
In 1969, Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics' effort to revise the Batman comics. Additionally, Batman also moves from his mansion, Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin and/or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of the Joker as a homicidal psychopath, and the arrival of Ra's al Ghul, a centuries-old terrorist who knows Batman's secret identity. In the 1980s, Dick Grayson becomes Nightwing.[2]
In the final issue of Brave and the Bold in 1983, Batman quits the Justice League and forms a new group called the Outsiders. He serves as the team's leader until Batman and the Outsiders #32 (1986) and the comic subsequently changed its title.
[edit] Modern Batman
After the 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC Comics retconned the histories of some major characters in an attempt at updating them for contemporary audiences. Frank Miller retold Batman's origin in the storyline Year One from Batman #404-407, which emphasizes a grittier tone in the character.[70] Though the Earth-Two Batman is erased from history, many stories of Batman's Silver Age/Earth-One career (along with an amount of Golden Age ones) remain canonical in the post-Crisis universe, with his origins remaining the same in essence, despite alteration. For example, Gotham's police are mostly corrupt, setting up further need for Batman's existence. While Dick Grayson's past remains much the same, the history of Jason Todd, the second Robin, is altered, turning the boy into the orphan son of a petty crook, who tries to steal the tires from the Batmobile.[71] Also removed is the guardian Phillip Wayne, leaving young Bruce to be raised by Alfred. Additionally, Batman is no longer a founding member of the Justice League of America, although he becomes leader for a short time of a new incarnation of the team launched in 1987. To help fill in the revised backstory for Batman following Crisis, DC launched a new Batman title called Legends of the Dark Knight in 1989 and has published various miniseries and one-shot stories since then that largely take place during the "Year One" period. Various stories from Jeph Loeb and Matt Wagner also touch upon this era.
Bane breaks Batman's back in a splash page from Batman #497 (July 1993). Art by Jim Aparo.
In 1988's "Batman: A Death in the Family" storyline from Batman #426-429 Jason Todd, the second Robin, is killed by the Joker.[2] Subsequently Batman begins exhibiting an excessive, reckless approach to his crime fighting, a result of the pain of losing Jason Todd. Batman works solo until the decade's close, when Tim Drake becomes the new Robin.[72] In 2005, writers resurrected the Jason Todd character and have pitted him against his former mentor.
Many of the major Batman storylines since the 1990s have been inter-title crossovers that run for a number of issues. In 1993, DC published both the "Death of Superman" storyline and "Knightfall" . In the Knightfall storyline's first phase, the new villain Bane paralyzes Batman, leading Wayne to ask Azrael to take on the role. After the end of "Knightfall," the storylines split in two directions, following both the Azrael-Batman's adventures, and Bruce Wayne's quest to become Batman once more. The story arcs realign in "KnightsEnd," as Azrael becomes increasingly violent and is defeated by a healed Bruce Wayne. Wayne hands the Batman mantle to Dick Grayson (then Nightwing) for an interim period, while Wayne trains to return to the role.[73]
The 1994 company-wide crossover Zero Hour changes aspects of DC continuity again, including those of Batman. Noteworthy among these changes is that the general populace and the criminal element now considers Batman an urban legend rather than a known force. Similarly, the Waynes' killer is never caught or identified, effectively removing Joe Chill from the new continuity, rendering stories such as "Year Two" non-canon.
Batman once again becomes a member of the Justice League during Grant Morrison's 1996 relaunch of the series, titled JLA. While Batman contributes greatly to many of the team's successes, the Justice League is largely uninvolved as Batman and Gotham City face catastrophe in the decade's closing crossover arc. In 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline, Gotham City is devastated by an earthquake and ultimately cut off from the United States Government afterwards. Deprived of many of his technological resources, Batman fights to reclaim the city from legions of gangs during 1999's "No Man's Land."
Meanwhile, Batman's relationship with the Gotham City Police Department changed for the worse with the events of "Batman: Officer Down" and "Batman: War Games/War Crimes"; Batman's long-time law enforcement allies Commissioner Gordon and Harvey Bullock are forced out of the police department in "Officer Down", while "War Games" and "War Crimes" saw Batman become a wanted fugitive after a contingency plan of his to neutralize Gotham City's criminal underworld is accidentally triggered, resulting a massive gang war that ends with the sadist Black Mask the undisputed ruler of the city's criminal gangs. Other troubles come for Batman in the form of Lex Luthor (secretly behind the events of "No Man's Land"), who seeks revenge for Bruce Wayne cancelling all of his company's government contracts upon Luthor being elected President of the United States. Luthor arranges for the murder of Batman's on-again, off-again love interest Vesper (introduced in the mid-1990s) during the "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive" story arcs. Though Batman is able to clear his name, he loses another ally in the form of his new chauffer Sasha, who is recruited into the organization known as "Checkmate" while stuck in prison due to her refusal to turn states evidence against her employer. While he was unable to prove that Luthor was behind the murder of Vesper, Batman does get his revenge with help from Talia Al' Ghul in Superman/Batman #1-6: not only does he bring down Lex Luthor's Presidency but also engages in a hostile take-over of Luthor's corporate holdings, bankrupting the villain in the process.
DC's 2005 limited series Identity Crisis, reveals that JLA member Zatanna had edited Batman's memories to prevent him from stopping the League from lobotomizing Dr. Light after he raped Sue Dibney. This served as a retcon for Batman's complete distrust for his fellow super-heroes, which under writers such as Mark Waid in the "Tower of Babel" arc in JLA, manifested itself in the form of Batman keeping extensive files on how to kill his fellow super-heroes. Batman later creates the Brother I satellite surveillance system to watch over and if necessary, kill the other heroes. Its eventual co-opting by Maxwell Lord, who then kills super-hero Blue Beetle to keep him from alerting the Justice League of the existence of Batman's murderous creation. The revelation of Batman's creation and his tacit responsibility for Blue Beetle's death becomes a driving force in the lead-up to the Infinite Crisis miniseries, which again restructures DC continuity. In Infinite Crisis #7, Alexander Luthor, Jr. mentions that in the newly rewritten history of the "New Earth," created in the previous issue, the murderer of Martha and Thomas Wayne – again, Joe Chill – was captured, thus undoing the retcon created after Zero Hour. Batman and a team of superheroes destroy Brother Eye and the OMACs, though at the very end of the Batman reaches his apparent breaking point when Alexander Luthor Jr. mortally wounds Nightwing. Picking up a gun, Batman nearly shoots Luthor in order to avenge his former sidekick, until Wonder Woman convinces him to not pull the trigger.
Following Infinite Crisis, Bruce Wayne, Dick Grayson (having recovered from his wounds), and Tim Drake retrace the steps Bruce had taken when he originally left Gotham City, to "rebuild Batman."[74] In the "Face the Face" storyline, Batman and Robin return to Gotham City after their year-long absence. Part of this absence is captured in during Week 30 of the 52 series, which shows Batman fighting his inner demons.[75] Later on in 52, Batman is shown undergoing an intense meditation ritual in Nanda Parbat. This becomes an important part of the regular Batman title, which reveals that Batman was reborn as a more effective crime fighter while undergoing this ritual, having "hunted down and ate" the last traces of fear in his mind.[76][77]
At the end of the "Face the Face" story arc, Bruce officially adopts Tim (who had lost both of his parents at various points in the character's history) as his son.[78] The follow-up story arc in Batman, "Batman & Son", introduces Damian Wayne, who is Batman's son with Talia al Ghul. Batman, along with Superman and Wonder Woman, reforms the Justice League in the new Justice League of America series,[79] and is leading the newest incarnation of the Outsiders.[80]
Grant Morrison's 2008 storyline, "Batman R.I.P.", featuring Batman being physically and mentally broken by the enigmatic "Black Glove," garnered much news coverage in advance of its highly-promoted conclusion, which would supposedly feature the death of Bruce Wayne.[81][82] The original intention was, in fact, not for Batman to die in the pages of "R.I.P.," but for the story to continue with the current DC event Final Crisis and have the death occur there. As such, a two-issue bridge arc was designed called "Last Rites" that showed Batman survive his helicopter crash into the Gotham City River and return to his Batcave, only to be summoned to the Hall of Justice by the JLA to help investigate Orion's death. This in turn led into the events of "Final Crisis" (which began publication while Batman RIP was concluding), where Batman is kidnapped by Granny Goodness. "Last Rites" told the tale of Batman being mentally probed by Darkseid's minions Mokkari and Simyon, in an attempt to cull the personality traits that make Batman the successful super-hero that he is in order to transplant them into cloned bodies. The plan fails due to the clones, imparted with Batman's sense of justice, killing themselves rather than serve Darkseid. The two-parter concludes with a major "Final Crisis" plot point, as it is revealed that Batman kept the bullet used to kill Orion in his utility belt. [83].
The Batman's apparent death occurs in Final Crisis #6 when he confronts Darkseid. Batman announces that he will break his "no-gun" rule while facing Darkseid. Wielding an Apokalips-made gun, Batman shoots Darkseid in the chest with a bullet made of Radion (the same bullet used to kill Orion), just as Darkseid unleashes his Omega Sanction, or the "death that is life", upon Batman.[84] However, the Omega Sanction does not actually kill its target. The Omega Sanction sends the consciousness of the target into parallel worlds. Although the presence of Batman's corpse would suggest that he is dead, at the conclusion of Final Crisis it is revealed that Batman has been sent to the distant past where he is able to watch the passing of Anthro.[85][86]
The 3-issue Battle for the Cowl miniseries, ('cowl' referring to Batman's mask) saw those who were closest to to Wayne compete for the "right" to assume the role of Batman. Eventually, Grayson reluctantly assumes the role.[87]
In the DC Universe event Blackest Night, the villain Black Hand is seen digging up Bruce Wayne's body and apparently recruiting his remains into the Black Lantern Corps. Deadman, whose body has also become a Black Lantern, rushes to aide the new Batman and Robin along with Red Robin (Tim Drake) against the Gotham villains who have returned as Black Lanterns, as well as their own resurrected family members.
[edit] Characterization
Batman's primary character traits can be summarized as "wealth; physical prowess; deductive abilities and obsession."[58] The details and tone of Batman's characterization have varied over the years due to different interpretations. Dennis O'Neil noted that character consistency was not a major concern during early editorial regimes: "Julie Schwartz did a Batman in Batman and Detective and Murray Boltinoff did a Batman in the Brave and the Bold and apart from the costume they bore very little resemblance to each other. Julie and Murray did not coordinate their efforts, did not pretend to, did not want to, were not asked to. Continuity was not important in those days."[88]
A main component that defines Batman as a character is his origin story. Bob Kane said he and Bill Finger discussed the character's background and decided that "there's nothing more traumatic than having your parents murdered before your eyes."[89] Batman is thus driven to fight crime, sometimes employing illegal and morally dubious tactics (like torture and intrusive surveillance), in order to avenge the death of his parents.[58] While details of Batman's origin have varied from version to version, the "reiteration of the basic origin events holds together otherwise divergent expressions" of the character.[90] The origin is the source of many of the character's traits and attributes, which play out in many of the character's adventures.[58]
Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as "a dionysian figure, a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order."[91] Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime fighting.[92]
[edit] Bruce Wayne
In his secret identity, Batman is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy businessman who lives in Gotham City. To the world at large, Bruce Wayne is often seen as an irresponsible, superficial playboy who lives off his family's personal fortune (amassed when Bruce's family invested in Gotham real estate before the city was a bustling metropolis)[93] and the profits of Wayne Enterprises, a major private technology firm that he inherits. However, Wayne is also known for his contributions to charity, notably through his Wayne Foundation.[94] Bruce creates the playboy public persona to aid in throwing off suspicion of his secret identity, often acting dim-witted and self-absorbed to further the act.[95]
Writers of both Batman and Superman stories have often compared the two within the context of various stories, to varying conclusions. Like Superman, the prominent persona of Batman's dual identities varies with time. Modern-age comics have tended to portray "Bruce Wayne" as the facade, with "Batman" as the truer representation of his personality[96] (in counterpoint to the post-Crisis Superman, whose "Clark Kent" persona is the 'real' personality, and "Superman" is the 'mask').[97][98]
In Batman Unmasked, a television documentary about the psychology of the character, Associate Professor of Social Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and an adjunct behavioral scientist at the Rand Corporation Benjamin Karney, notes that the Batman's personality is driven by Bruce Wayne's inherent humanity; that "Batman, for all its benefits and for all of the time Bruce Wayne devotes to it, is ultimately a tool for Bruce Wayne's efforts to make the world better".
As noted in the the Will Brooker book, Batman Unmasked, The confirmation of Batman's identity lies with the young audience...he doesn't have to be Bruce Wayne; he just needs the suit and gadgets, the abilities, and most importantly the morality, the humanity. There's just a sense about him: 'they trust him...and they're never wrong."Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked. NY/London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 329. ISBN 0826413439. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNRreYO91ogC&pg=PA137&dq=Unmasking+Batman&ei=7oFoSsvdMaW-NKK_xdMB.
[edit] Dick Grayson
Dick Grayson as Batman following Battle for the Cowl. Variant cover art to Batman #687 by J.G. Jones.
With Wayne apparently dead, Dick Grayson has become the new Batman. In an interview with IGN, Morrison details that having Dick Grayson as Batman and Damian Wayne as Robin will be a "reverse" of the normal dynamic between Batman and Robin, with, "a more light-hearted and spontaneous Batman and a scowling, badass Robin." Morrison explains his intentions for the new characterization of Batman: "Dick Grayson is kind of this consummate superhero. The guy has been Batman's partner since he was a kid, he's led the Teen Titans, and he's trained with everybody in the DC Universe. So he's a very different kind of Batman. He's a lot easier; He's a lot looser and more relaxed. [3]
[edit] Skills, abilities, and resources
Unlike many superheroes, Batman has no superpowers and instead relies on "his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, and athletic prowess."[23] In the stories Batman is regarded as one of the world's greatest detectives.[99] In Grant Morrison's first storyline in JLA, Superman describes Batman as "the most dangerous man on Earth," able to defeat a team of superpowered aliens all by himself in order to rescue his imprisoned teammates.[100] He is also a master of disguise, often gathering information under the identity of Matches Malone, a notorious gangster.
[edit] Costume
Main article: Batsuit
Batman's costume incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals.[101][102][103] The details of the Batman costume change repeatedly through various stories and media, but the most distinctive elements remain consistent: a scallop-hem cape, a cowl covering most of the face featuring a pair of batlike ears, and a stylized bat emblem on the chest, plus the ever-present utility belt. The costumes' colors are traditionally blue and grey,[102][104][105][106] although this colorization arose due to the way comic book art is colored.[102] Finger and Kane conceptualized Batman as having a black cape and cowl and grey suit, but conventions in coloring called for black to be highlighted with blue.[102] This coloring has been claimed by Larry Ford, in Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film, to be a reversion of conventional color-coding symbolism, which sees "bad guys" wearing dark colors.[107] Batman's gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from long, gauntlet-like cuffs, although in his earliest appearances he wore short, plain gloves without the scallops. A yellow ellipse around the bat logo on the character's chest was added in 1964, and became the hero's trademark symbol, akin to the red and yellow "S" symbol of Superman.[108] The overall look of the character, particularly the length of the cowl's ears and of the cape, varies greatly depending on the artist. Dennis O'Neil said, "We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don't have to look the same . . . Everybody loves to draw Batman, and everybody wants to put their own spin on it."[109]
[edit] Equipment
See also: Batman's utility belt
The 1966 television Batmobile was built by George Barris from a Lincoln Futura concept car.
Batman utilizes a large arsenal of specialized gadgets in his war against crime, the designs of which usually share a bat motif. Batman historian Les Daniels credits Gardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939) and the first bat-themed weapons the batarang and the "Batgyro" in Detective Comics #31 and #32 (September; October, 1939).[19] Batman's primary vehicle is the Batmobile, which is usually depicted as an imposing black car with large tailfins that suggest a bat's wings. Batman's other vehicles include the Batplane (aka the Batwing), Batboat, Bat-Sub, and Batcycle.
In proper practice, the "bat" prefix (as in batmobile or batarang) is rarely used by Batman himself when referring to his equipment, particularly after some portrayals (primarily the 1960s Batman live-action television show and the Super Friends animated series) stretched the practice to campy proportions. The 1960s television series Batman has an arsenal that includes such "bat-" names as the bat-computer, bat-scanner, bat-radar, bat-cuffs, bat-pontoons, bat-drinking water dispenser, bat-camera with polarized bat-filter, bat-shark repellent bat-spray, and bat-rope. The storyline "A Death in the Family" suggests that given Batman's grim nature, he is unlikely to have adopted the "bat" prefix on his own.
Batman keeps most of his field equipment in a utility belt. Over the years it is shown to contain a virtually limitless variety of crime fighting tools. Different versions of the belt have these items stored in either pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it.
[edit] Bat-Signal
Main article: Bat-Signal
When Batman is needed, the Gotham City police activate a searchlight with a bat-shaped insignia over the lens called the Bat-signal which shines into the night sky, creating a bat-symbol on a passing cloud which can be seen from any point in Gotham. The origin of the signal varies, depending on the continuity and medium.
In various incarnations, most notably the 1960s Batman TV series, Commissioner Gordon also has a dedicated phone line, dubbed the Bat-Phone, connected to a bright red telephone (in the TV series) which sits on a wooden base and has a transparent cake cover on top. The line connects directly to Batman's residence, Wayne Manor, specifically both to a similar phone sitting on the desk in Bruce Wayne's study and the extension phone in the Batcave.
[edit] Batcave
Main article: Batcave
The Batcave is Batman's secret headquarters, consisting of a series of subterranean caves beneath his mansion, Wayne Manor. It serves as his command center for both local and global surveillance, as well as housing his vehicles and equipment for his war on crime. It also is a storeroom for Batman's memorabilia. In both the comic Batman: Shadow of the Bat (issue #45) and the 2005 film Batman Begins, the cave is said to have been part of the Underground Railroad. Of the heroes and villains who see the Batcave, few know where it is located.
[edit] Supporting characters
Main article: List of Batman supporting characters
Batman with his sidekick Robin. Painting by Alex Ross.
Batman's interactions with the characters around him, both heroes and villains, help to define the character.[58] Commissioner James "Jim" Gordon, Batman's ally in the Gotham City police, debuted along with Batman in Detective Comics #27 and has been a consistent presence since then. Later on, Batman gained Alfred as his butler and Lucius Fox as his business manager and apparently unwitting armorer. However, the most important supporting role in the Batman mythos is filled by the hero's young sidekick Robin.[110] The first Robin, Dick Grayson, eventually leaves his mentor and becomes the hero Nightwing. The second Robin, Jason Todd, is beaten to death by the Joker but later returns as an adversary. Tim Drake, the third Robin, first appears in 1989 and has gone on to star in his own comic series. Alfred, Bruce Wayne's loyal butler, father figure, and one of the few to know his secret identity, "[lends] a homey touch to Batman's environs and [is] ever ready to provide a steadying and reassuring hand" to the hero and his sidekick.[111]
Batman is at times a member of superhero teams such as the Justice League of America and the Outsiders. Batman has often been paired in adventure with his Justice League teammate Superman, notably as the co-stars of World's Finest and Superman/Batman series. In pre-Crisis continuity, the two are depicted as close friends; however, in current continuity, they have a mutually respectful but uneasy relationship, with an emphasis on their differing views on crime fighting and justice.
Batman is involved romantically with many women throughout his various incarnations. These range from society women such as Julie Madison, Vicki Vale and Silver St. Cloud, to allies like Wonder Woman and Sasha Bordeaux, to even villainesses such as Catwoman and Talia al Ghul, the latter of whom he sired a son, Damien. While these relationships tend to be short, Batman's attraction to Catwoman is present in nearly every version and medium in which the characters appear. Authors have gone back and forth over the years as to how Batman manages the 'playboy' aspect of Bruce Wayne's personality; at different times he embraces or flees from the women interested in attracting "Gotham's most eligible bachelor."
Other supporting characters in Batman's world include former Batgirl Barbara Gordon, Commissioner Gordon's daughter who, now confined to a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, serves the superhero community at large as the computer hacker Oracle; Azrael, a would-be assassin who replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman for a time; Cassandra Cain, an assassin's daughter who became the new Batgirl, Huntress, the sole surviving member of a mob family turned Gotham vigilante who has worked with Batman on occasion, Stephanie Brown, the daughter of a criminal who operated as the Spoiler and temporarily as Robin, Ace the Bat-Hound, Batman's pet dog;[112] and Bat-Mite, an extra-dimensional imp who idolizes Batman.[112]
[edit] Enemies
A gathering of Batman's villains. Art by Jim Lee.
Main article: List of Batman enemies
Batman faces a variety of foes ranging from common criminals to outlandish super-villains. Many Batman villains mirror aspects of the hero's character and development, often having tragic origin stories that lead them to a life of crime.[111] Batman's "most implacable foe" is the Joker, a clown-like criminal who as a "personification of the irrational" represents "everything Batman [opposes]."[27] Other recurring antagonists include Catwoman, the Penguin, the Riddler, Poison Ivy and Two-Face, among many others.
[edit] Cultural impact
Batman has become a pop culture icon, recognized around the world. The character's presence has extended beyond his comic book origins; events such as the release of the 1989 Batman film and its accompanying merchandising "brought the Batman to the forefront of public consciousness."[51] In an article commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the character, The Guardian wrote, "Batman is a figure blurred by the endless reinvention that is modern mass culture. He is at once an icon and a commodity: the perfect cultural artefact for the 21st century."[113] In addition, media outlets have often used the character in trivial and comprehensive surveys — Forbes Magazine estimated Bruce Wayne to be the 9th-richest fictional character with his $5.8 billion fortune, several places after Iron Man, who is at 6.[114] BusinessWeek listed the character as one of the ten most intelligent superheroes appearing in American comics.[115]
[edit] Adaptations in other media
Main article: Batman franchise media
The character of Batman has appeared in various media aside from comic books. The character has been developed as a vehicle for newspaper syndicated comic strips, books, radio dramas, television and several theatrical feature films. The first adaptation of Batman was as a daily newspaper comic strip which premiered on October 25, 1943.[116] That same year the character was adapted in the 13-part serial Batman, with Lewis Wilson becoming the first actor to portray Batman on screen. While Batman never had a radio series of his own, the character made occasional guest appearance in The Adventures of Superman starting in 1945 on occasions when Superman voice actor Bud Collyer needed time off.[117] A second movie serial, Batman and Robin, followed in 1949, with Robert Lowery taking over the role of Batman. The exposure provided by these adaptations during the 1940s "helped make [Batman] a household name for millions who never bought a comic book."[117].
In the 1964 publication of Donald Barthelme's collection of short stories "Come Back, Dr. Caligari", Barthelme wrote "The Joker's Greatest Triumph." Batman is portrayed for purposes of spoof as a pretentious French-speaking rich man.[118]
Michael Keaton as Batman in Batman (1989)
The Batman television series, starring Adam West, premiered in January 1966 on the ABC television network. Inflected with a camp sense of humor, the show became a pop culture phenomenon. In his memoir, Back to the Batcave, West notes his dislike for the term 'camp' as it was applied to the 1960s series, opining that the show was instead a farce or lampoon, and a deliberate one, at that. The series ran for 120 episodes, ending in 1968. In between the first and second season of the Batman television series the cast and crew made the theatrical release Batman (1966). The popularity of the Batman TV series also resulted in the first animated adaptation of Batman in the series The Batman/Superman Hour;[119] the Batman segments of the series were repackaged as Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder which produced thirty-three episodes between 1968 and 1977. From 1973 until 1986, Batman had a starring role in ABC's Super Friends series, which was animated by Hanna-Barbera. Olan Soule was the voice of Batman in all these series, but was eventually replaced during Super Friends by Adam West, who voiced the character in Filmation's 1977 series The New Adventures of Batman.
In 1989, Batman returned to movie theaters in director Tim Burton's Batman starring Michael Keaton as the title character. The film was a huge success; not only was it the top-grossing film of the year, but at the time was the fifth highest-grossing film in history.[120] The film spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997), the last two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively.
Batman as he was depicted in Batman: The Animated Series.
In 1992, Batman returned to television in Batman: The Animated Series, which was produced by Warner Bros. and broadcast on the FOX television network. Les Daniels described the series as "[coming] as close as any artistic statement has to defining the look of Batman for the 1990s."[121] The success of Batman: The Animated Series led to the animated spin-off film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), as well as various other animated series set in the same continuity, including The New Batman Adventures, Batman Beyond, and Justice League. As with Batman: The Animated Series, each of these productions starred Kevin Conroy as the voice of Batman. In 2004, a new animated series titled The Batman made its debut with Rino Romano as the title character. In 2008, this show was replaced by another animated series, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, with Diedrich Bader as Batman.
In 2005, Christopher Nolan directed Batman Begins, a reboot of the film franchise starring Christian Bale as Batman. Its sequel, The Dark Knight (2008), set the record for the highest grossing opening weekend of all time in the U.S., earning approximately $158 million,[122] and became the fastest film to reach the $400 million mark in the history of American cinema (eighteenth day of release).[123] These record breaking attendances saw The Dark Knight listed as the second-highest domestic grossing film in November of 2008.[124] An animated anthology feature set between the Nolan films, Batman: Gotham Knight, was also released in 2008.
Batman has several video games based on him and his crime fighting adventures.
[edit] Homosexual interpretations
Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson. Panel from Batman #84 (June, 1954), page 24.
There has been some controversy over various sexual interpretations made regarding the content of Batman comics. Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in his Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that "Batman stories are psychologically homosexual." He claimed, "The Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious." Wertham wrote, "Only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend 'Robin.'"[125]
Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay "Batman, Deviance, and Camp" that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality," "the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp," and "[he] merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity."[126]
Creators associated with the character have expressed their own opinions. Writer Alan Grant has stated, "The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn't gay. Denny O'Neil's Batman, Marv Wolfman's Batman, everybody's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane... none of them wrote him as a gay character. Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view." Writer Devin Grayson has commented, "It depends who you ask, doesn't it? Since you're asking me, I'll say no, I don't think he is ... I certainly understand the gay readings, though."[127] While Frank Miller has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a "homophobic nightmare,"[128] he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, "He'd be much healthier if he were gay."[129] Burt Ward, who portrayed Robin in the 1960s television show, has also remarked upon this interpretation in his autobiography Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights; He writes that the relationship could be interpreted as a sexual one, with the show's double entendres and lavish camp also possibly offering ambiguous interpretation.[130]
Such homosexual interpretations continue to attract attention. One notable example occurred in 2000, when DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four panels (from Batman #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s.[131] Another happened in the summer of 2005, when painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses.[132] DC threatened both artist and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.[133]
[edit] See also
* Batman (Earth-Two)
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Goulart, Ron, Comic Book Encyclopedia (Harper Entertainment, New York, 2004) ISBN 0-06-053816-3
2. ^ a b c Beatty, Scott (2008). "Batman". in Dougall, Alastair. The DC Comics Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 40–44. ISBN 0-7566-4119-5.
3. ^ a b Phillips, Dan (august 8, 2009). "Grant Morrison's New Batman and Robin". IGN. http://comics.ign.com/articles/986/986031p1.html. Retrieved on August 8, 2009.
4. ^ George, Richard (March 11, 2009). "Morrison discusses Batman and Robin". IGN. http://comics.ign.com/articles/961/961488p1.html. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.
5. ^ "The Big Question: What is the history of Batman, and why does he still appeal?". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/the-big-question-what-is-the-history-of-batman-and-why-does-he-still-appeal-873780.html.
6. ^ Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0, pg. 18
7. ^ Steranko, Jim. The Steranko History of Comics 1. Reading, PA: Supergraphics, 1970. (ISBN 0-517-50188-0)
8. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 21, 23
9. ^ Havholm, Peter; Sandifer, Philip (Autumn 2003). "Corporate Authorship: A Response to Jerome Christensen". Critical Inquiry 30 (1): 192. doi:10.1086/380810. ISSN 00931896.
10. ^ a b Kane, Andrae, p. 44
11. ^ Daniels, Les. DC Comics: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York: Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications, 2003, ISBN 0-8230-7919-8, pg. 23
12. ^ Boichel, Bill. "Batman: Commodity as Myth." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 6–7
13. ^ Kane, Andrae, p. 41
14. ^ Groth, Gary (October 2005). "Jerry Robinson". The Comics Journal 1 (271): 80–81. ISSN 0194-7869. http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=350&Itemid=48. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
15. ^ Comic Book Artist 3. Winter 1999. TwoMorrows Publishing
16. ^ "Comic Book Interview Super Special: Batman" Fictioneer Press, 1989
17. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 25
18. ^ Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5, pg. 19
19. ^ a b Daniels (1999), pg. 29
20. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p), Sheldon Moldoff (i). "The Batman and How He Came to Be" Detective Comics (33): 1-2 (November, 1939), DC Comics
21. ^ Detective Comics #33 (November 1939), Grand Comics Database
22. ^ John Jefferson Darowski, "The Mythic Symbols of Batman" December 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-20. Archived on 2008-03-20.
23. ^ a b Wright, pg. 17
24. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 38
25. ^ Daniels (2003), pg. 36
26. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 42
27. ^ a b Boichel, pg. 9
28. ^ Wright, pg. 59
29. ^ Edmund Hamilton (w), Curt Swan (p). "The Mightiest Team In the World" Superman #76) (June 1952), DC Comics
30. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 88
31. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 91
32. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 84
33. ^ Boichel, pg. 13
34. ^ York, Christopher (2000). "All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s". The International Journal of Comic Art 2 (2): 100–110.
35. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 94
36. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 95
37. ^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p). "Gotham Gang Line-Up!" Detective Comics (328) (June, 1964), DC Comics
38. ^ Detective Comics #31 and Batman #227, Grand Comics Database
39. ^ Benton, Mike. The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor, 1989. ISBN 0-87833-659-1, pg. 69
40. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 115
41. ^ Wright, pg. 233
42. ^ Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William. "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 18
43. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 140
44. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 141
45. ^ SciFi Wire (March 28, 2007): "Batman Artist Rogers is Dead": "Even though their Batman run was only six issues, the three laid the foundation for later Batman comics. Their stories include the classic 'Laughing Fish' (in which the Joker's face appeared on fish); they were adapted for Batman: The Animated Series in the 1990s. Earlier drafts of the 1989 Batman movie with Michael Keaton as the Dark Knight were based heavily on their work."
46. ^ Boichel, pg. 15
47. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 147, 149
48. ^ Wright, pg. 267
49. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 155, 157
50. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 161
51. ^ a b Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William. "Introduction." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 1
52. ^ "Diamond's 2005 Year-End Sales Charts & Market Share" (http). newsarama.com. 2006. Archived from the original on May 25 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060525013002/http://www.newsarama.com/marketreport/05Year_End.html. Retrieved on October 26 2006.
53. ^ "July 2005 Sales Charts: All-Star Batman & Robin Lives Up To Its Name" (http). newsarama.com. 2005. Archived from the original on Septemeber 7 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060907063905/http://www.newsarama.com/marketreport/july05sales.html. Retrieved on October 26 2006.
54. ^ Review by Iann Robinson, Crave Online
55. ^ Review by William Gatevackes, PopMatters, 10 February 2006
56. ^ Wilkins, Alasdair (June 27, 2009). "Batman Is Reborn...With A Vengeance". io9. Gawker Media. http://io9.com/5303197/batman-is-rebornwith-a-vengeance. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.
57. ^ Pearson, pg. 185
58. ^ a b c d e f Pearson; Uricchio. "'I'm Not Fooled By That Cheap Disguise.'" Pg. 186
59. ^ Pearson, pg. 191
60. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate" Detective Comics #27) (May, 1939), DC Comics
61. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). "The Batman Wars Against the Dirigible of Doom" Detective Comics #33) (November, 1939), DC Comics
62. ^ She first appears in Detective Comics #31 (September 1939)
63. ^ Paul Levitz (w), Joe Staton (p). "The Untold Origin of the Justice Society" DC Special (29) (August/September 1977), DC Comics
64. ^ Gardner Fox (w). All Star Comics (3) (Winter 1940/41), DC Comics
65. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). Batman (7) (November, 1941), DC Comics
66. ^ Batman #16 (May 1943); his original last name, Beagle, is revealed in Detective Comics #96 (February 1945)
67. ^ One example is the Englehart/Rogers run of the late 1970s, which has editorial notes directing readers to issues such as Batman #1
68. ^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p). "The First Batman" Detective Comics (235) (September, 1956), DC Comics
69. ^ Edmond Hamilton (w), Dick Sprang (p). "When Batman Was Robin" Detective Comics (226) (December, 1955), DC Comics
70. ^ Miller, Frank; David Mazzucchelli and Richmond Lewis (1987). Batman: Year One. DC Comics. p. 98. ISBN 1-85286-077-4.
71. ^ Max Allan Collins (w), Chris Warner (p). "Did Robin Die Tonight?" Batman (408) (June, 1987), DC Comics
72. ^ Alan Grant (w), Norm Breyfogle (p). "Master of Fear" Batman (457) (December, 1990), DC Comics
73. ^ Dixon, Chuck. et al. "Batman: Prodigal". Batman 512-514, Shadow of the Bat 32-34, Detective Comics 679-681, Robin 11-13. New York: DC Comics, 1995.
74. ^ "Infinite Crisis" #7, p. 32
75. ^ 52 #30
76. ^ Batman #673
77. ^ Batman #681
78. ^ James Robinson (w), Don Kramer (p). "Face the Face – Conclusion" Batman (654) (August, 2006), DC Comics
79. ^ Brad Meltzer (w), Ed Benes (p). "The Tornado's Path" Justice League of America (vol. 2) (1) (August, 2006), DC Comics
80. ^ Chuck Dixon (w), Julian Lopex (p). Batman and the Outsiders (vol. 2) (1) (November, 2007), DC Comics
81. ^ Rothstein, Simon. "Batman killed by his OWN dad." 28 November 2008. The Sun. Archived 28 November 2008.
82. ^ Adams, Guy. "Holy smoke, Batman! Are you dead?" 28 November 2008, The Independent. Archived 28 November 2008.
83. ^ Newsarama: "Batman R.I.P. - Finally?" 15 January 2009
84. ^ Grant Morrison (w), J.G. Jones (p). "How to Murder the Earth" Final Crisis #6) (January 2009), DC Comics
85. ^ Grant Morrison (w). Final Crisis #7) (January 2009), DC Comics
86. ^ "Grant Morrison: Final Crisis Exit Interview, Part 2". http://newsarama.com/comics/020904-Grant-FC2.html.
87. ^ Tony Daniel (w). Battle for the Cowl #3) (May 2009), DC Comics
88. ^ Pearson; Uricchio. "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil" p. 23
89. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 31
90. ^ Pearson, pg. 194
91. ^ Sharrett, Christopher. "Batman and the Twilight of the Idols: An Interview with Frank Miller." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 44
92. ^ Pearson, pg. 208
93. ^ Dennis O'Neil Batman: Knightfall. 1994, Bantam Books. ISBN 0553096737
94. ^ Pearson, pg. 202
95. ^ Daniels, 1999, pg. ??
96. ^ Scott Beatty, The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. 2005, Quirk Books, p51. ISBN 1594740232
97. ^ Aichele, G. (1997). Rewriting Superman. In G. Aichele & T. Pippin (Eds.), The Monstrous and the Unspeakable: The Bible as Fantastic Literature (pp. 75-101). Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
98. ^ Superman vol. 2, #53
99. ^ Mike Conray, 500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes. 2002, Collins & Brown. ISBN 1844110044
100. ^ Grant Morrison (w), Howard Porter (p). "War of the Worlds" JLA (3) (March, 1997), DC Comics
101. ^ Koç, E. "Rebirth of the Gothic in the Metropolitan Legends" Çankaya Üniversitesi, Journal of Arts and Sciences (2006 Aralık)
102. ^ a b c d Daniels (1999)
103. ^ Widzer, M.E. (1977). The Comic-Book Superhero—A Study of the Family Romance Fantasy. Psychoanal. St. Child, 32:565-603.
104. ^ Bill Schelly, Sense of Wonder: A Life in Comic Fandom : a Personal Memoir of Fandom's. 2001 TwoMorrows Publishing, p24. ISBN 1893905128
105. ^ Illinca Zarifopol-Johnston, "A BatsEye View of the Republic or Victor Hugo" in Peripheries of Nineteenth-century French Studies: Views from the Edge, Timothy Bell Raser ed. 2002, University of Delaware Press, p184. ISBN 0874137659
106. ^ Jim Harmon, Donald F. Glut, Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury. 1973 Routledge, p234. ISBN 071300097X
107. ^ Larry Ford, "Lighting and Color in the Depiction" in Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film, Stuart C. Aitken, Leo Zonn, Leo E. Zonn eds. 1994 Rowman & Littlefield, p132. ISBN 0847678261
108. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 98
109. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 159–60
110. ^ Boichel, pg. 7
111. ^ a b Boichel, pg. 8
112. ^ a b Daniels (1995), pg. 138
113. ^ Finkelstein, David; Macfarlane, Ross (March 15, 1999). "Batman's big birthday". Guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,314504,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
114. ^ Noer, Michael; David M. Ewalt (2008-12-18). "In Pictures: The Forbes Fictional 15". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/18/bruce-wayne-money-oped-fictional1508-cx_de_1218batman.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-13.
115. ^ Pisani, Joseph (2006). "The Smartest Superheroes". www.businessweek.com. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/05/smart_heroes/index_01.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-25.
116. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 50
117. ^ a b Daniels (1999), pg. 64
118. ^ Olsen, Lance. "Linguistic Pratfalls in Barthelme", South Atlantic Review, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 1986), pp. 69-77 (article consists of 9 pages). South Atlantic Modern Language Association. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3199757
119. ^ Boichel, pg. 14
120. ^ "Batman (1989)". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
121. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 178
122. ^ "Opening Weekends". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
123. ^ "Fastest to $400 million". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/fastest.htm?page=400&p=.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-06.
124. ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office Results". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
125. ^ Wertham, Fredric. Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1954. pg. 189–90
126. ^ Medhurst, Andy. "Batman, Deviance, and Camp." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 150
127. ^ "Is Batman Gay?". http://www.comicsbulletin.com/panel/106070953757230.htm. Retrieved on December 28 2005.
128. ^ Sharrett, pg. 37-38
129. ^ Sharrett, pg. 38
130. ^ "Bruce Wayne: Bachelor". Ninth Art: Andrew Wheeler Comment. http://www.ninthart.com/display.php?article=963. Retrieved on June 21 2005.
131. ^ Beatty, Bart (2000). "Don't Ask, Don't Tell: How Do You Illustrate an Academic Essay about Batman and Homosexuality?". The Comics Journal (228): 17–18.
132. ^ "Mark Chamberlain (American, 1967)". Artnet. http://www.artnet.com/Galleries/Artists_detail.asp?G=&gid=423822183&which=&aid=424157172&ViewArtistBy=online&rta=http://www.artnet.com/ag/fulltextsearch.asp?searchstring=Mark+Chamberlain.
133. ^ "Gallery told to drop 'gay' Batman". BBC. August 19, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4167032.stm.
[edit] References
* Beatty, Scott, et al., The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. Quirk Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59474-023-2
* Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0
* Daniels, Les. DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bulfinch, 1995. ISBN 0-821-22076-4
* Jones, Gerard. Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. Basic Books, 1995. ISBN 0-465-03657-0
* Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William (editors). The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7
* Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Johns Hopkins, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5
[edit] External links
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Batman
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Related animated TV series
Super Friends (1973–86) · Justice League (2001–04) · Justice League Unlimited (2004–06)) · The Zeta Project (2001-2) · Static Shock (2000–04)
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1966–1968 Batman television series
Cast and characters
Adam West (Batman/Bruce Wayne) · Burt Ward (Robin/Dick Grayson) · Alan Napier (Alfred) · Neil Hamilton (Commissioner James Gordon) · Madge Blake (Aunt Harriet Cooper) · Yvonne Craig (Barbara Gordon/Batgirl) · Cesar Romero (The Joker) · Burgess Meredith (The Penguin) · Julie Newmar/Lee Meriwether (movie only)/Eartha Kitt (Catwoman) · Frank Gorshin/John Astin (The Riddler) · Maurice Evans (The Puzzler) · George Sanders/Otto Preminger/Eli Wallach (Mr. Freeze) · Walter Slezak (Clock King) · David Wayne (The Mad Hatter) · Art Carney (The Archer) · Malachi Throne (False-Face) · Van Williams (The Green Hornet) · Bruce Lee (Kato)
Characters created
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Egghead (Vincent Price) · King Tut (Victor Buono) · Marsha, Queen of Diamonds (Carolyn Jones) · Chief O'Hara (Stafford Repp)
Crew
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Music
"Batman Theme" · Neal Hefti · Nelson Riddle · Billy May · Warren Barker · Lionel Newman
Related articles
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"The Batman" redirects here. For the animated series, see The Batman (TV series).
This article is about the superhero. For other uses, see Batman (disambiguation).
Batman
Second printing cover of Batman #608 (October 2002).
Pencils by Jim Lee and inks by Scott Williams
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
First appearance Detective Comics #27
(May 1939)
Created by Bob Kane (concept)
Bill Finger[1]
(uncredited)
In-story information
Alter ego Richard Grayson (Current)
Bruce Wayne (Deceased)
Team affiliations Teen Titans (Richard Grayson)
Batman Family
Justice League
Wayne Enterprises
Outsiders
Partnerships Robin
Batgirl
Nightwing
Notable aliases Matches Malone, The Caped Crusader, The Dark Knight
Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man or the Batman, and additionally as the "Caped Crusader" and the "Dark Knight") is a fictional character, a comic book superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit), appearing in publications by DC Comics. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in May 1939.
In the original version of the story and the vast majority of subsequent retellings, Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire playboy, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime.[2] Batman operates in the fictional American Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his main sidekick Robin, occasional assistance from former sidekick Batgirl, and his butler Alfred Pennyworth, and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime. In DC Universe comics as of August 2009[update], after Wayne's apparent death at the hands of Darkseid, the role of Batman has been taken up by his former ward, and the first Robin, Dick Grayson.[3][4]
Batman became a popular character soon after his introduction and gained his own comic book title, Batman, in 1940. As the decades wore on, differing interpretations of the character emerged. The late 1960s Batman television series utilized a camp aesthetic associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, culminating in the 1986 miniseries Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, by writer-artist Frank Miller. The successes of director Tim Burton's 1989 film Batman and Christopher Nolan's 2005 reboot Batman Begins also helped to reignite popular interest in the character.[5] A cultural icon, Batman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media, from radio to television and film, and appears on a variety of merchandise sold all over the world.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Publication history
o 1.1 Creation
o 1.2 Early years
o 1.3 The 1950s and early 1960s
o 1.4 "New Look" Batman and camp
o 1.5 The Dark Knight Returns and later
* 2 Fictional character biography
o 2.1 Golden Age
o 2.2 Silver Age
o 2.3 Modern Batman
* 3 Characterization
o 3.1 Bruce Wayne
o 3.2 Dick Grayson
* 4 Skills, abilities, and resources
o 4.1 Costume
o 4.2 Equipment
o 4.3 Bat-Signal
o 4.4 Batcave
* 5 Supporting characters
o 5.1 Enemies
* 6 Cultural impact
o 6.1 Adaptations in other media
o 6.2 Homosexual interpretations
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links
[edit] Publication history
See also: List of Batman comics
[edit] Creation
In early 1938, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created "the Bat-Man."[6] Collaborator Bill Finger recalled Kane
“ …had an idea for a character called 'Batman', and he'd like me to see the drawings. I went over to Kane's, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of … reddish tights, I believe, with boots … no gloves, no gauntlets … with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two stiff wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign … BATMAN.[7] ”
Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl instead of a simple domino mask, a cape instead of wings, and gloves, and removing the red sections from the original costume.[8][9] Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity: "Bruce Wayne's first name came from Robert Bruce, the Scottish patriot. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock … then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne."[10]
Various aspects of Batman's personality, character history, visual design and equipment were inspired by contemporary popular culture of the 1930s, including movies, pulp magazines, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and even aspects of Kane himself.[11] Kane noted especially the influence of the films The Mask of Zorro (1920) and The Bat Whispers (1930) in the creation of the iconography associated with the character, while Finger drew inspiration from literary characters Doc Savage, The Shadow, and Sherlock Holmes in his depiction of Batman as a master sleuth and scientist.[12]
Kane, in his 1989 autobiography, detailed Finger's contributions to Batman's creation:
“ One day I called Bill and said, 'I have a new character called the Bat-Man and I've made some crude, elementary sketches I'd like you to look at'. He came over and I showed him the drawings. At the time, I only had a small domino mask, like the one Robin later wore, on Batman's face. Bill said, 'Why not make him look more like a bat and put a hood on him, and take the eyeballs out and just put slits for eyes to make him look more mysterious?' At this point, the Bat-Man wore a red union suit; the wings, trunks, and mask were black. I thought that red and black would be a good combination. Bill said that the costume was too bright: 'Color it dark gray to make it look more ominous'. The cape looked like two stiff bat wings attached to his arms. As Bill and I talked, we realized that these wings would get cumbersome when Bat-Man was in action, and changed them into a cape, scalloped to look like bat wings when he was fighting or swinging down on a rope. Also, he didn't have any gloves on, and we added them so that he wouldn't leave fingerprints.[13] ”
Kane signed away ownership in the character in exchange for, among other compensation, a mandatory byline on all Batman comics. This byline did not, originally, say "Batman created by Bob Kane"; his name was simply written on the title page of each story. The name disappeared from the comic book in the mid-1960s, replaced by credits for each story's actual writer and artists. In the late 1970s, when Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster began receiving a "created by" credit on the Superman titles, along with William Moulton Marston being given the byline for creating Wonder Woman, Batman stories began saying "Created by Bob Kane" in addition to the other credits.
Finger did not receive the same recognition. While he had received credit for other DC work since the 1940s, he began, in the 1960s, to receive limited acknowledgment for his Batman writing; in the letters page of Batman #169 (February 1965) for example, editor Julius Schwartz names him as the creator of the Riddler, one of Batman's recurring villains. However, Finger's contract left him only with his writing page rate and no byline. Kane wrote, "Bill was disheartened by the lack of major accomplishments in his career. He felt that he had not used his creative potential to its fullest and that success had passed him by."[10] At the time of Finger's death in 1974, DC had not officially credited Finger as Batman co-creator.
Jerry Robinson, who also worked with Finger and Kane on the strip at this time, has criticized Kane for failing to share the credit. He recalled Finger resenting his position, stating in a 2005 interview with The Comics Journal:
“ Bob made him more insecure, because while he slaved working on Batman, he wasn't sharing in any of the glory or the money that Bob began to make, which is why… [he was] going to leave [Kane's employ]. … [Kane] should have credited Bill as co-creator, because I know; I was there. … That was one thing I would never forgive Bob for, was not to take care of Bill or recognize his vital role in the creation of Batman. As with Siegel and Shuster, it should have been the same, the same co-creator credit in the strip, writer and artist.[14] ”
Although Kane initially rebutted Finger's claims at having created the character, writing in a 1965 open letter to fans that "it seemed to me that Bill Finger has given out the impression that he and not myself created the ''Batman, t' [sic] as well as Robin and all the other leading villains and characters. This statement is fraudulent and entirely untrue." Kane himself also commented on Finger's lack of credit. "The trouble with being a 'ghost' writer or artist is that you must remain rather anonymously without 'credit'. However, if one wants the 'credit', then one has to cease being a 'ghost' or follower and become a leader or innovator."[15]
In 1989, Kane revisited Finger's situation, recalling in an interview,
“ In those days it was like, one artist and he had his name over it [the comic strip] — the policy of DC in the comic books was, if you can't write it, obtain other writers, but their names would never appear on the comic book in the finished version. So Bill never asked me for it [the byline] and I never volunteered — I guess my ego at that time. And I felt badly, really, when he [Finger] died.[16] ”
[edit] Early years
Batman made his debut in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Cover art by Bob Kane
The first Batman story, "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate," was published in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Finger said, "Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps,"[17] and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940, while continuing to star in Detective Comics. By that time, National was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success.[18] The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of World's Finest Comics, which was originally titled World's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.
Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and the artistic depiction of Batman evolved. Kane noted that within six issues he drew the character's jawline more pronounced, and lengthened the ears on the costume. "About a year later he was almost the full figure, my mature Batman," Kane said.[19] Batman's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939), followed by the boomerang-like batarang and the first bat-themed vehicle, the Batplane, in #31 (September 1939). The character's origin was revealed in #33 (November 1939), unfolding in a two-page story that establishes the brooding persona of Batman, a character driven by the loss of his parents. Written by Finger, it depicts a young Bruce Wayne witnessing the death of his parents as part of a street robbery. Days later, at their grave, the child vows that "by the spirits of my parents [I will] avenge their deaths by spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals."[20][21][22]
The early, pulp-inflected portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) with the introduction of Robin, Batman's kid sidekick.[23] Robin was introduced, based on Finger's suggestion Batman needed a "Watson" with whom Batman could talk.[24] Sales nearly doubled, despite Kane's preference for a solo Batman, and it sparked a proliferation of "kid sidekicks."[25] The first issue of the solo spin-off series Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent antagonists, the Joker and Catwoman, but for a story in which Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death. That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun.[26]
By 1942, the writers and artists behind the Batman comics had established most of the basic elements of the Batman mythos.[27] In the years following World War II, DC Comics "adopted a postwar editorial direction that increasingly de-emphasized social commentary in favor of lighthearted juvenile fantasy." The impact of this editorial approach was evident in Batman comics of the postwar period; removed from the "bleak and menacing world" of the strips of the early 1940s, Batman was instead portrayed as a respectable citizen and paternal figure that inhabited a "bright and colorful" environment.[28]
[edit] The 1950s and early 1960s
Batman was one of the few superhero characters to be continuously published as interest in the genre waned during the 1950s. In the story "The Mightiest Team in the World" in Superman #76 (June 1952), Batman teams up with Superman for the first time and the pair discovers each other's secret identity.[29] Following the success of this story, World's Finest Comics was revamped so it featured stories starring both heroes together, instead of the separate Batman and Superman features that had been running before.[30] The team-up of the characters was "a financial success in an era when those were few and far between;"[31] this series of stories ran until the book's cancellation in 1986.
Batman comics were among those criticized when the comic book industry came under scrutiny with the publication of psychologist Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent in 1954. Wertham's thesis was that children imitated crimes committed in comic books, and that these works corrupt the morals of the youth. Wertham criticized Batman comics for their supposed homosexual overtones and argued that Batman and Robin were portrayed as lovers.[32] Wertham's criticisms raised a public outcry during the 1950s, eventually leading to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority. The tendency towards a "sunnier Batman" in the postwar years intensified after the introduction of the Comics Code.[33] It has also been suggested by scholars that the characters of Batwoman (in 1956) and Bat-Girl (in 1961) were introduced in part to refute the allegation that Batman and Robin were gay, and the stories took on a campier, lighter feel.[34]
In the late 1950s, Batman stories gradually became more science fiction-oriented, an attempt at mimicking the success of other DC characters that had dabbled in the genre.[35] New characters such as Batwoman, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Bat-Mite were introduced. Batman's adventures often involved odd transformations or bizarre space aliens. In 1960, Batman debuted as a member of the Justice League of America in The Brave and the Bold #28 (February 1960), and went on to appear in several Justice League comic series starting later that same year.
[edit] "New Look" Batman and camp
By 1964, sales on Batman titles had fallen drastically. Bob Kane noted that, as a result, DC was "planning to kill Batman off altogether."[36] In response to this, editor Julius Schwartz was assigned to the Batman titles. He presided over drastic changes, beginning with 1964's Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), which was cover-billed as the "New Look". Schwartz introduced changes designed to make Batman more contemporary, and to return him to more detective-oriented stories. He brought in artist Carmine Infantino to help overhaul the character. The Batmobile was redesigned, and Batman's costume was modified to incorporate a yellow ellipse behind the bat-insignia. The space aliens and characters of the 1950s such as Batwoman, Ace, and Bat-Mite were retired. Batman's butler Alfred was killed off (though his death was quickly reversed due to fan response) while a new female relative for the Wayne family, Aunt Harriet, came to live with Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson.[37]
Batman #227 (December 1970). An example of Batman's return to a Gothic atmosphere, in an homage to the cover of 1939's Detective Comics #31.[38] Art by Neal Adams.
The debut of the Batman television series in 1966 had a profound influence on the character. The success of the series increased sales throughout the comic book industry, and Batman reached a circulation of close to 900,000 copies.[39] Elements such as the character of Batgirl and the show's campy nature were introduced into the comics; the series also initiated the return of Alfred. Although both the comics and TV show were successful for a time, the camp approach eventually wore thin and the show was canceled in 1968. In the aftermath, the Batman comics themselves lost popularity once again. As Julius Schwartz noted, "When the television show was a success, I was asked to be campy, and of course when the show faded, so did the comic books."[40]
Starting in 1969, writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams made a deliberate effort to distance Batman from the campy portrayal of the 1960s TV series and to return the character to his roots as a "grim avenger of the night."[41] O'Neil said his idea was "simply to take it back to where it started. I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories. I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after."[42]
O'Neil and Adams first collaborated on the story "The Secret of the Waiting Graves" (Detective Comics #395, January 1970). Few stories were true collaborations between O'Neil, Adams, Schwartz, and inker Dick Giordano, and in actuality these men were mixed and matched with various other creators during the 1970s; nevertheless the influence of their work was "tremendous."[43] Giordano said: "We went back to a grimmer, darker Batman, and I think that's why these stories did so well... Even today we're still using Neal's Batman with the long flowing cape and the pointy ears."[44] While the work of O'Neil and Adams was popular with fans, the acclaim did little to help declining sales; the same held true with a similarly acclaimed run by writer Steve Englehart and penciler Marshall Rogers in Detective Comics #471-476 (August 1977 - April 1978), which went on to influence the 1989 movie Batman and be adapted for Batman: The Animated Series, which debuted in 1992.[45] Regardless, circulation continued to drop through the 1970s and 1980s, hitting an all-time low in 1985.[46]
[edit] The Dark Knight Returns and later
The first issue of Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, which redefined Batman in the 1980s. Pencils by Frank Miller.
Frank Miller's 1986 limited series Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, which tells the story of a 50 year old Batman coming out of retirement in a possible future, reinvigorated the character. The Dark Knight Returns was a financial success and has since become one of the medium's most noted touchstones.[47] The series also sparked a major resurgence in the character's popularity.[48]
That year Dennis O'Neil took over as editor of the Batman titles and set the template for the portrayal of Batman following DC's status quo-altering miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths. O'Neil operated under the assumption that he was hired to revamp the character and as a result tried to instill a different tone in the books than had gone before.[49] One outcome of this new approach was the "Year One" storyline in Batman #404-407 (February-May 1987), in which Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli redefined the character's origins. Writer Alan Moore and artist Brian Bolland continued this dark trend with 1988's 48-page one-shot Batman: The Killing Joke, in which the Joker, attempting to drive Commissioner Gordon insane, cripples Gordon's daughter Barbara, and then kidnaps and tortures the commissioner, physically and psychologically.
The Batman comics garnered major attention in 1988 when DC Comics created a 900 number for readers to call to vote on whether Jason Todd, the second Robin, lived or died. Voters decided in favor of Jason's death by a narrow margin of 28 votes (see Batman: A Death in the Family).[50] The following year saw the release of Tim Burton's Batman feature film, which firmly brought the character back to the public's attention, grossing millions of dollars at the box office, and millions more in merchandising. In the same year, the first issue of Legends of the Dark Knight, the first new solo Batman title in nearly fifty years, sold close to a million copies.[51]
The 1993 "Knightfall" story arc introduced a new villain, Bane, who critically injures Bruce Wayne. Jean-Paul Valley, known as Azrael, is called upon to wear the Batsuit during Wayne's convalescence. Writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant worked on the Batman titles during "Knightfall," and would also contribute to other Batman crossovers throughout the 1990s. 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline served as the precursor to 1999's "No Man's Land", a year-long storyline that ran through all the Batman-related titles dealing with the effects of an earthquake-ravaged Gotham City. At the conclusion of "No Man's Land", O'Neil stepped down as editor and was replaced by Bob Schreck.
Another writer who rose to prominence on the Batman comic series, was Jeph Loeb. Along with longtime collaborator Tim Sale, they wrote two mini-series ("The Long Halloween" and "Dark Victory") that pit an early in his career version of Batman against his entire rogue's gallery (most notably Two-Face, whose origin was re-envisioned by Loeb) while dealing with various mysteries involving serial killers Holiday and the Hangman, of which the former was the subject of intense debate and speculation amongst Batman fans. In 2003, Loeb teamed with artist Jim Lee to work on another mystery arc: "Batman: Hush" for the main Batman book. The twelve issue storyline saw Batman and Catwoman running the gauntlet against Batman's entire rogue's gallery, including an apparently resurrected Jason Todd, while seeking to find the identity of the mysterious super-villain Hush. While the character of Hush failed to catch on with readers, the arc was a sales success for DC. As the storyline was Jim Lee's first regular comic book work in nearly a decade, the series became #1 on the Diamond Comic Distributors sales chart for the first time since Batman #500 (October 1993) and Jason Todd's appearance laid the groundwork for writer Judd Winick's subsequent run as writer on Batman, with another multi-issue epic, "Under the Hood," which ran from Batman #637-650.
In 2005, DC launched All-Star Batman and Robin, a stand-alone comic series set outside the existing DC Universe. Written by Frank Miller and drawn by Jim Lee, the series was a commercial success for DC Comics[52][53] though widely panned by critics for its writing.[54][55]
Starting in 2006, the regular writers on Batman and Detective Comics were Grant Morrison and Paul Dini, with Grant Morrison reincorporating controversial elements of Batman lore (most notably, the science fiction themed storylines of the 1950s Batman comics, which Morrison revised as hallucinations Batman suffered under the influence of various mind-bending gases and extensive sensory deprivation training) into the character. Morrison's run climaxed with "Batman RIP," which brought Batman up against the villainous "Black Glove" organization, which sought to drive Batman into madness. Batman RIP segued into Final Crisis (also written by Morrison), which saw the apparent death of Batman at the hands of Darkseid. In the 2009 miniseries Batman: Battle for the Cowl, Wayne's former protégé Dick Grayson becomes the new Batman, and Wayne's son Damien becomes the new Robin.
In June 2009, Judd Winick returned to writing Batman, while Grant Morrison was given his own series, titled Batman and Robin.[56]
[edit] Fictional character biography
Batman's history has undergone various revisions, both minor and major. Few elements of the character's history have remained constant. Scholars William Uricchio and Roberta E. Pearson noted in the early 1990s, "Unlike some fictional characters, the Batman has no primary urtext set in a specific period, but has rather existed in a plethora of equally valid texts constantly appearing over more than five decades."[57]
The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character's origin story.[58] As a little boy, Bruce Wayne is horrified and traumatized to see his parents, the physician Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, being murdered by a mugger in front of his very eyes. This drives him to fight crime in Gotham City as Batman. Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin, "Until recently, the fixed and accruing and hence, canonized, events have been few in number,"[58] a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories.[59]
[edit] Golden Age
Bruce Wayne is inspired to become Batman. Detective Comics #33 (November 1939). Art by Bob Kane.
In Batman's first appearance in Detective Comics #27, he is already operating as a crime fighter.[60] Batman's origin is first presented in Detective Comics #33 in November 1939, and is later fleshed out in Batman #47. As these comics state, Bruce Wayne is born to Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, two very wealthy and charitable Gotham City socialites. Bruce is brought up in Wayne Manor, with its wealthy splendor, and leads a happy and privileged existence until the age of eight, when his parents are killed by a small-time criminal named Joe Chill while on their way home from a movie theater. Bruce Wayne swears an oath to rid the city of the evil that had taken his parents' lives. He engages in intense intellectual and physical training; however, he realizes that these skills alone would not be enough. "Criminals are a superstitious and cowardly lot," Wayne remarks, "so my disguise must be able to strike terror into their hearts. I must be a creature of the night, black, terrible..." As if responding to his desires, a bat suddenly flies through the window, inspiring Bruce to assume the persona of Batman.[61]
In early strips, Batman's career as a vigilante earns him the ire of the police. During this period Wayne has a fiancée named Julie Madison.[62] Wayne takes in an orphaned circus acrobat, Dick Grayson, who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Batman also becomes a founding member of the Justice Society of America,[63] although he, like Superman, is an honorary member,[64] and thus only participates occasionally. Batman's relationship with the law thaws quickly, and he is made an honorary member of Gotham City's police department.[65] During this time, butler Alfred Pennyworth arrives at Wayne Manor, and after deducing the Dynamic Duo's secret identities joins their service.[66]
[edit] Silver Age
See also: Batman (Earth-Two)
The Silver Age of comic books in DC Comics is sometimes held to have begun in 1956 when the publisher introduced Barry Allen as a new, updated version of The Flash. Batman is not significantly changed by the late 1950s for the continuity which would be later referred to as Earth-One. The lighter tone Batman had taken in the period between the Golden and Silver Ages led to the stories of the late 1950s and early 1960s that often feature a large number of science-fiction elements, and Batman is not significantly updated in the manner of other characters until Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), in which Batman reverts to his detective roots, with most science-fiction elements jettisoned from the series.
Detective Comics #327 (May 1964), debut of the "New Look" Batman. Cover art by Carmine Infantino & Joe Giella.
After the introduction of DC Comics' multiverse in the 1960s, DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth-Two Batman, a character from a parallel world. This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth-Two Catwoman, Selina Kyle (as shown in Superman Family #211) and fathers Helena Wayne, who, as the Huntress, becomes (along with Dick Grayson, the Earth-Two Robin) Gotham's protector once Wayne retires from the position to become police commissioner, a position he occupies until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman. Batman titles however often ignored that a distinction had been made between the pre-revamp and post-revamp Batmen (since unlike The Flash or Green Lantern, Batman comics had been published without interruption through the 1950s) and would on occasion make reference to stories from the Golden Age.[67] Nevertheless, details of Batman's history were altered or expanded upon through the decades. Additions include meetings with a future Superman during his youth, his upbringing by his uncle Philip Wayne (introduced in Batman #208, January/February 1969) after his parents' death, and appearances of his father and himself as prototypical versions of Batman and Robin, respectively.[68][69] In 1980 then-editor Paul Levitz commissioned the Untold Legend of the Batman limited series to thoroughly chronicle Batman's origin and history.
Batman meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman, whom he began regularly working alongside in a series of team-ups in World's Finest Comics, starting in 1954 and continuing through the series' cancellation in 1986. Batman and Superman are usually depicted as close friends. Batman becomes a founding member of the Justice League of America, appearing in its first story in 1960s Brave and the Bold #28. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brave and the Bold became a Batman title, in which Batman teams up with a different DC Universe superhero each month.
In 1969, Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics' effort to revise the Batman comics. Additionally, Batman also moves from his mansion, Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin and/or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of the Joker as a homicidal psychopath, and the arrival of Ra's al Ghul, a centuries-old terrorist who knows Batman's secret identity. In the 1980s, Dick Grayson becomes Nightwing.[2]
In the final issue of Brave and the Bold in 1983, Batman quits the Justice League and forms a new group called the Outsiders. He serves as the team's leader until Batman and the Outsiders #32 (1986) and the comic subsequently changed its title.
[edit] Modern Batman
After the 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC Comics retconned the histories of some major characters in an attempt at updating them for contemporary audiences. Frank Miller retold Batman's origin in the storyline Year One from Batman #404-407, which emphasizes a grittier tone in the character.[70] Though the Earth-Two Batman is erased from history, many stories of Batman's Silver Age/Earth-One career (along with an amount of Golden Age ones) remain canonical in the post-Crisis universe, with his origins remaining the same in essence, despite alteration. For example, Gotham's police are mostly corrupt, setting up further need for Batman's existence. While Dick Grayson's past remains much the same, the history of Jason Todd, the second Robin, is altered, turning the boy into the orphan son of a petty crook, who tries to steal the tires from the Batmobile.[71] Also removed is the guardian Phillip Wayne, leaving young Bruce to be raised by Alfred. Additionally, Batman is no longer a founding member of the Justice League of America, although he becomes leader for a short time of a new incarnation of the team launched in 1987. To help fill in the revised backstory for Batman following Crisis, DC launched a new Batman title called Legends of the Dark Knight in 1989 and has published various miniseries and one-shot stories since then that largely take place during the "Year One" period. Various stories from Jeph Loeb and Matt Wagner also touch upon this era.
Bane breaks Batman's back in a splash page from Batman #497 (July 1993). Art by Jim Aparo.
In 1988's "Batman: A Death in the Family" storyline from Batman #426-429 Jason Todd, the second Robin, is killed by the Joker.[2] Subsequently Batman begins exhibiting an excessive, reckless approach to his crime fighting, a result of the pain of losing Jason Todd. Batman works solo until the decade's close, when Tim Drake becomes the new Robin.[72] In 2005, writers resurrected the Jason Todd character and have pitted him against his former mentor.
Many of the major Batman storylines since the 1990s have been inter-title crossovers that run for a number of issues. In 1993, DC published both the "Death of Superman" storyline and "Knightfall" . In the Knightfall storyline's first phase, the new villain Bane paralyzes Batman, leading Wayne to ask Azrael to take on the role. After the end of "Knightfall," the storylines split in two directions, following both the Azrael-Batman's adventures, and Bruce Wayne's quest to become Batman once more. The story arcs realign in "KnightsEnd," as Azrael becomes increasingly violent and is defeated by a healed Bruce Wayne. Wayne hands the Batman mantle to Dick Grayson (then Nightwing) for an interim period, while Wayne trains to return to the role.[73]
The 1994 company-wide crossover Zero Hour changes aspects of DC continuity again, including those of Batman. Noteworthy among these changes is that the general populace and the criminal element now considers Batman an urban legend rather than a known force. Similarly, the Waynes' killer is never caught or identified, effectively removing Joe Chill from the new continuity, rendering stories such as "Year Two" non-canon.
Batman once again becomes a member of the Justice League during Grant Morrison's 1996 relaunch of the series, titled JLA. While Batman contributes greatly to many of the team's successes, the Justice League is largely uninvolved as Batman and Gotham City face catastrophe in the decade's closing crossover arc. In 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline, Gotham City is devastated by an earthquake and ultimately cut off from the United States Government afterwards. Deprived of many of his technological resources, Batman fights to reclaim the city from legions of gangs during 1999's "No Man's Land."
Meanwhile, Batman's relationship with the Gotham City Police Department changed for the worse with the events of "Batman: Officer Down" and "Batman: War Games/War Crimes"; Batman's long-time law enforcement allies Commissioner Gordon and Harvey Bullock are forced out of the police department in "Officer Down", while "War Games" and "War Crimes" saw Batman become a wanted fugitive after a contingency plan of his to neutralize Gotham City's criminal underworld is accidentally triggered, resulting a massive gang war that ends with the sadist Black Mask the undisputed ruler of the city's criminal gangs. Other troubles come for Batman in the form of Lex Luthor (secretly behind the events of "No Man's Land"), who seeks revenge for Bruce Wayne cancelling all of his company's government contracts upon Luthor being elected President of the United States. Luthor arranges for the murder of Batman's on-again, off-again love interest Vesper (introduced in the mid-1990s) during the "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive" story arcs. Though Batman is able to clear his name, he loses another ally in the form of his new chauffer Sasha, who is recruited into the organization known as "Checkmate" while stuck in prison due to her refusal to turn states evidence against her employer. While he was unable to prove that Luthor was behind the murder of Vesper, Batman does get his revenge with help from Talia Al' Ghul in Superman/Batman #1-6: not only does he bring down Lex Luthor's Presidency but also engages in a hostile take-over of Luthor's corporate holdings, bankrupting the villain in the process.
DC's 2005 limited series Identity Crisis, reveals that JLA member Zatanna had edited Batman's memories to prevent him from stopping the League from lobotomizing Dr. Light after he raped Sue Dibney. This served as a retcon for Batman's complete distrust for his fellow super-heroes, which under writers such as Mark Waid in the "Tower of Babel" arc in JLA, manifested itself in the form of Batman keeping extensive files on how to kill his fellow super-heroes. Batman later creates the Brother I satellite surveillance system to watch over and if necessary, kill the other heroes. Its eventual co-opting by Maxwell Lord, who then kills super-hero Blue Beetle to keep him from alerting the Justice League of the existence of Batman's murderous creation. The revelation of Batman's creation and his tacit responsibility for Blue Beetle's death becomes a driving force in the lead-up to the Infinite Crisis miniseries, which again restructures DC continuity. In Infinite Crisis #7, Alexander Luthor, Jr. mentions that in the newly rewritten history of the "New Earth," created in the previous issue, the murderer of Martha and Thomas Wayne – again, Joe Chill – was captured, thus undoing the retcon created after Zero Hour. Batman and a team of superheroes destroy Brother Eye and the OMACs, though at the very end of the Batman reaches his apparent breaking point when Alexander Luthor Jr. mortally wounds Nightwing. Picking up a gun, Batman nearly shoots Luthor in order to avenge his former sidekick, until Wonder Woman convinces him to not pull the trigger.
Following Infinite Crisis, Bruce Wayne, Dick Grayson (having recovered from his wounds), and Tim Drake retrace the steps Bruce had taken when he originally left Gotham City, to "rebuild Batman."[74] In the "Face the Face" storyline, Batman and Robin return to Gotham City after their year-long absence. Part of this absence is captured in during Week 30 of the 52 series, which shows Batman fighting his inner demons.[75] Later on in 52, Batman is shown undergoing an intense meditation ritual in Nanda Parbat. This becomes an important part of the regular Batman title, which reveals that Batman was reborn as a more effective crime fighter while undergoing this ritual, having "hunted down and ate" the last traces of fear in his mind.[76][77]
At the end of the "Face the Face" story arc, Bruce officially adopts Tim (who had lost both of his parents at various points in the character's history) as his son.[78] The follow-up story arc in Batman, "Batman & Son", introduces Damian Wayne, who is Batman's son with Talia al Ghul. Batman, along with Superman and Wonder Woman, reforms the Justice League in the new Justice League of America series,[79] and is leading the newest incarnation of the Outsiders.[80]
Grant Morrison's 2008 storyline, "Batman R.I.P.", featuring Batman being physically and mentally broken by the enigmatic "Black Glove," garnered much news coverage in advance of its highly-promoted conclusion, which would supposedly feature the death of Bruce Wayne.[81][82] The original intention was, in fact, not for Batman to die in the pages of "R.I.P.," but for the story to continue with the current DC event Final Crisis and have the death occur there. As such, a two-issue bridge arc was designed called "Last Rites" that showed Batman survive his helicopter crash into the Gotham City River and return to his Batcave, only to be summoned to the Hall of Justice by the JLA to help investigate Orion's death. This in turn led into the events of "Final Crisis" (which began publication while Batman RIP was concluding), where Batman is kidnapped by Granny Goodness. "Last Rites" told the tale of Batman being mentally probed by Darkseid's minions Mokkari and Simyon, in an attempt to cull the personality traits that make Batman the successful super-hero that he is in order to transplant them into cloned bodies. The plan fails due to the clones, imparted with Batman's sense of justice, killing themselves rather than serve Darkseid. The two-parter concludes with a major "Final Crisis" plot point, as it is revealed that Batman kept the bullet used to kill Orion in his utility belt. [83].
The Batman's apparent death occurs in Final Crisis #6 when he confronts Darkseid. Batman announces that he will break his "no-gun" rule while facing Darkseid. Wielding an Apokalips-made gun, Batman shoots Darkseid in the chest with a bullet made of Radion (the same bullet used to kill Orion), just as Darkseid unleashes his Omega Sanction, or the "death that is life", upon Batman.[84] However, the Omega Sanction does not actually kill its target. The Omega Sanction sends the consciousness of the target into parallel worlds. Although the presence of Batman's corpse would suggest that he is dead, at the conclusion of Final Crisis it is revealed that Batman has been sent to the distant past where he is able to watch the passing of Anthro.[85][86]
The 3-issue Battle for the Cowl miniseries, ('cowl' referring to Batman's mask) saw those who were closest to to Wayne compete for the "right" to assume the role of Batman. Eventually, Grayson reluctantly assumes the role.[87]
In the DC Universe event Blackest Night, the villain Black Hand is seen digging up Bruce Wayne's body and apparently recruiting his remains into the Black Lantern Corps. Deadman, whose body has also become a Black Lantern, rushes to aide the new Batman and Robin along with Red Robin (Tim Drake) against the Gotham villains who have returned as Black Lanterns, as well as their own resurrected family members.
[edit] Characterization
Batman's primary character traits can be summarized as "wealth; physical prowess; deductive abilities and obsession."[58] The details and tone of Batman's characterization have varied over the years due to different interpretations. Dennis O'Neil noted that character consistency was not a major concern during early editorial regimes: "Julie Schwartz did a Batman in Batman and Detective and Murray Boltinoff did a Batman in the Brave and the Bold and apart from the costume they bore very little resemblance to each other. Julie and Murray did not coordinate their efforts, did not pretend to, did not want to, were not asked to. Continuity was not important in those days."[88]
A main component that defines Batman as a character is his origin story. Bob Kane said he and Bill Finger discussed the character's background and decided that "there's nothing more traumatic than having your parents murdered before your eyes."[89] Batman is thus driven to fight crime, sometimes employing illegal and morally dubious tactics (like torture and intrusive surveillance), in order to avenge the death of his parents.[58] While details of Batman's origin have varied from version to version, the "reiteration of the basic origin events holds together otherwise divergent expressions" of the character.[90] The origin is the source of many of the character's traits and attributes, which play out in many of the character's adventures.[58]
Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as "a dionysian figure, a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order."[91] Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime fighting.[92]
[edit] Bruce Wayne
In his secret identity, Batman is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy businessman who lives in Gotham City. To the world at large, Bruce Wayne is often seen as an irresponsible, superficial playboy who lives off his family's personal fortune (amassed when Bruce's family invested in Gotham real estate before the city was a bustling metropolis)[93] and the profits of Wayne Enterprises, a major private technology firm that he inherits. However, Wayne is also known for his contributions to charity, notably through his Wayne Foundation.[94] Bruce creates the playboy public persona to aid in throwing off suspicion of his secret identity, often acting dim-witted and self-absorbed to further the act.[95]
Writers of both Batman and Superman stories have often compared the two within the context of various stories, to varying conclusions. Like Superman, the prominent persona of Batman's dual identities varies with time. Modern-age comics have tended to portray "Bruce Wayne" as the facade, with "Batman" as the truer representation of his personality[96] (in counterpoint to the post-Crisis Superman, whose "Clark Kent" persona is the 'real' personality, and "Superman" is the 'mask').[97][98]
In Batman Unmasked, a television documentary about the psychology of the character, Associate Professor of Social Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and an adjunct behavioral scientist at the Rand Corporation Benjamin Karney, notes that the Batman's personality is driven by Bruce Wayne's inherent humanity; that "Batman, for all its benefits and for all of the time Bruce Wayne devotes to it, is ultimately a tool for Bruce Wayne's efforts to make the world better".
As noted in the the Will Brooker book, Batman Unmasked, The confirmation of Batman's identity lies with the young audience...he doesn't have to be Bruce Wayne; he just needs the suit and gadgets, the abilities, and most importantly the morality, the humanity. There's just a sense about him: 'they trust him...and they're never wrong."Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked. NY/London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 329. ISBN 0826413439. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNRreYO91ogC&pg=PA137&dq=Unmasking+Batman&ei=7oFoSsvdMaW-NKK_xdMB.
[edit] Dick Grayson
Dick Grayson as Batman following Battle for the Cowl. Variant cover art to Batman #687 by J.G. Jones.
With Wayne apparently dead, Dick Grayson has become the new Batman. In an interview with IGN, Morrison details that having Dick Grayson as Batman and Damian Wayne as Robin will be a "reverse" of the normal dynamic between Batman and Robin, with, "a more light-hearted and spontaneous Batman and a scowling, badass Robin." Morrison explains his intentions for the new characterization of Batman: "Dick Grayson is kind of this consummate superhero. The guy has been Batman's partner since he was a kid, he's led the Teen Titans, and he's trained with everybody in the DC Universe. So he's a very different kind of Batman. He's a lot easier; He's a lot looser and more relaxed. [3]
[edit] Skills, abilities, and resources
Unlike many superheroes, Batman has no superpowers and instead relies on "his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, and athletic prowess."[23] In the stories Batman is regarded as one of the world's greatest detectives.[99] In Grant Morrison's first storyline in JLA, Superman describes Batman as "the most dangerous man on Earth," able to defeat a team of superpowered aliens all by himself in order to rescue his imprisoned teammates.[100] He is also a master of disguise, often gathering information under the identity of Matches Malone, a notorious gangster.
[edit] Costume
Main article: Batsuit
Batman's costume incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals.[101][102][103] The details of the Batman costume change repeatedly through various stories and media, but the most distinctive elements remain consistent: a scallop-hem cape, a cowl covering most of the face featuring a pair of batlike ears, and a stylized bat emblem on the chest, plus the ever-present utility belt. The costumes' colors are traditionally blue and grey,[102][104][105][106] although this colorization arose due to the way comic book art is colored.[102] Finger and Kane conceptualized Batman as having a black cape and cowl and grey suit, but conventions in coloring called for black to be highlighted with blue.[102] This coloring has been claimed by Larry Ford, in Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film, to be a reversion of conventional color-coding symbolism, which sees "bad guys" wearing dark colors.[107] Batman's gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from long, gauntlet-like cuffs, although in his earliest appearances he wore short, plain gloves without the scallops. A yellow ellipse around the bat logo on the character's chest was added in 1964, and became the hero's trademark symbol, akin to the red and yellow "S" symbol of Superman.[108] The overall look of the character, particularly the length of the cowl's ears and of the cape, varies greatly depending on the artist. Dennis O'Neil said, "We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don't have to look the same . . . Everybody loves to draw Batman, and everybody wants to put their own spin on it."[109]
[edit] Equipment
See also: Batman's utility belt
The 1966 television Batmobile was built by George Barris from a Lincoln Futura concept car.
Batman utilizes a large arsenal of specialized gadgets in his war against crime, the designs of which usually share a bat motif. Batman historian Les Daniels credits Gardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt in Detective Comics #29 (July 1939) and the first bat-themed weapons the batarang and the "Batgyro" in Detective Comics #31 and #32 (September; October, 1939).[19] Batman's primary vehicle is the Batmobile, which is usually depicted as an imposing black car with large tailfins that suggest a bat's wings. Batman's other vehicles include the Batplane (aka the Batwing), Batboat, Bat-Sub, and Batcycle.
In proper practice, the "bat" prefix (as in batmobile or batarang) is rarely used by Batman himself when referring to his equipment, particularly after some portrayals (primarily the 1960s Batman live-action television show and the Super Friends animated series) stretched the practice to campy proportions. The 1960s television series Batman has an arsenal that includes such "bat-" names as the bat-computer, bat-scanner, bat-radar, bat-cuffs, bat-pontoons, bat-drinking water dispenser, bat-camera with polarized bat-filter, bat-shark repellent bat-spray, and bat-rope. The storyline "A Death in the Family" suggests that given Batman's grim nature, he is unlikely to have adopted the "bat" prefix on his own.
Batman keeps most of his field equipment in a utility belt. Over the years it is shown to contain a virtually limitless variety of crime fighting tools. Different versions of the belt have these items stored in either pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it.
[edit] Bat-Signal
Main article: Bat-Signal
When Batman is needed, the Gotham City police activate a searchlight with a bat-shaped insignia over the lens called the Bat-signal which shines into the night sky, creating a bat-symbol on a passing cloud which can be seen from any point in Gotham. The origin of the signal varies, depending on the continuity and medium.
In various incarnations, most notably the 1960s Batman TV series, Commissioner Gordon also has a dedicated phone line, dubbed the Bat-Phone, connected to a bright red telephone (in the TV series) which sits on a wooden base and has a transparent cake cover on top. The line connects directly to Batman's residence, Wayne Manor, specifically both to a similar phone sitting on the desk in Bruce Wayne's study and the extension phone in the Batcave.
[edit] Batcave
Main article: Batcave
The Batcave is Batman's secret headquarters, consisting of a series of subterranean caves beneath his mansion, Wayne Manor. It serves as his command center for both local and global surveillance, as well as housing his vehicles and equipment for his war on crime. It also is a storeroom for Batman's memorabilia. In both the comic Batman: Shadow of the Bat (issue #45) and the 2005 film Batman Begins, the cave is said to have been part of the Underground Railroad. Of the heroes and villains who see the Batcave, few know where it is located.
[edit] Supporting characters
Main article: List of Batman supporting characters
Batman with his sidekick Robin. Painting by Alex Ross.
Batman's interactions with the characters around him, both heroes and villains, help to define the character.[58] Commissioner James "Jim" Gordon, Batman's ally in the Gotham City police, debuted along with Batman in Detective Comics #27 and has been a consistent presence since then. Later on, Batman gained Alfred as his butler and Lucius Fox as his business manager and apparently unwitting armorer. However, the most important supporting role in the Batman mythos is filled by the hero's young sidekick Robin.[110] The first Robin, Dick Grayson, eventually leaves his mentor and becomes the hero Nightwing. The second Robin, Jason Todd, is beaten to death by the Joker but later returns as an adversary. Tim Drake, the third Robin, first appears in 1989 and has gone on to star in his own comic series. Alfred, Bruce Wayne's loyal butler, father figure, and one of the few to know his secret identity, "[lends] a homey touch to Batman's environs and [is] ever ready to provide a steadying and reassuring hand" to the hero and his sidekick.[111]
Batman is at times a member of superhero teams such as the Justice League of America and the Outsiders. Batman has often been paired in adventure with his Justice League teammate Superman, notably as the co-stars of World's Finest and Superman/Batman series. In pre-Crisis continuity, the two are depicted as close friends; however, in current continuity, they have a mutually respectful but uneasy relationship, with an emphasis on their differing views on crime fighting and justice.
Batman is involved romantically with many women throughout his various incarnations. These range from society women such as Julie Madison, Vicki Vale and Silver St. Cloud, to allies like Wonder Woman and Sasha Bordeaux, to even villainesses such as Catwoman and Talia al Ghul, the latter of whom he sired a son, Damien. While these relationships tend to be short, Batman's attraction to Catwoman is present in nearly every version and medium in which the characters appear. Authors have gone back and forth over the years as to how Batman manages the 'playboy' aspect of Bruce Wayne's personality; at different times he embraces or flees from the women interested in attracting "Gotham's most eligible bachelor."
Other supporting characters in Batman's world include former Batgirl Barbara Gordon, Commissioner Gordon's daughter who, now confined to a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, serves the superhero community at large as the computer hacker Oracle; Azrael, a would-be assassin who replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman for a time; Cassandra Cain, an assassin's daughter who became the new Batgirl, Huntress, the sole surviving member of a mob family turned Gotham vigilante who has worked with Batman on occasion, Stephanie Brown, the daughter of a criminal who operated as the Spoiler and temporarily as Robin, Ace the Bat-Hound, Batman's pet dog;[112] and Bat-Mite, an extra-dimensional imp who idolizes Batman.[112]
[edit] Enemies
A gathering of Batman's villains. Art by Jim Lee.
Main article: List of Batman enemies
Batman faces a variety of foes ranging from common criminals to outlandish super-villains. Many Batman villains mirror aspects of the hero's character and development, often having tragic origin stories that lead them to a life of crime.[111] Batman's "most implacable foe" is the Joker, a clown-like criminal who as a "personification of the irrational" represents "everything Batman [opposes]."[27] Other recurring antagonists include Catwoman, the Penguin, the Riddler, Poison Ivy and Two-Face, among many others.
[edit] Cultural impact
Batman has become a pop culture icon, recognized around the world. The character's presence has extended beyond his comic book origins; events such as the release of the 1989 Batman film and its accompanying merchandising "brought the Batman to the forefront of public consciousness."[51] In an article commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the character, The Guardian wrote, "Batman is a figure blurred by the endless reinvention that is modern mass culture. He is at once an icon and a commodity: the perfect cultural artefact for the 21st century."[113] In addition, media outlets have often used the character in trivial and comprehensive surveys — Forbes Magazine estimated Bruce Wayne to be the 9th-richest fictional character with his $5.8 billion fortune, several places after Iron Man, who is at 6.[114] BusinessWeek listed the character as one of the ten most intelligent superheroes appearing in American comics.[115]
[edit] Adaptations in other media
Main article: Batman franchise media
The character of Batman has appeared in various media aside from comic books. The character has been developed as a vehicle for newspaper syndicated comic strips, books, radio dramas, television and several theatrical feature films. The first adaptation of Batman was as a daily newspaper comic strip which premiered on October 25, 1943.[116] That same year the character was adapted in the 13-part serial Batman, with Lewis Wilson becoming the first actor to portray Batman on screen. While Batman never had a radio series of his own, the character made occasional guest appearance in The Adventures of Superman starting in 1945 on occasions when Superman voice actor Bud Collyer needed time off.[117] A second movie serial, Batman and Robin, followed in 1949, with Robert Lowery taking over the role of Batman. The exposure provided by these adaptations during the 1940s "helped make [Batman] a household name for millions who never bought a comic book."[117].
In the 1964 publication of Donald Barthelme's collection of short stories "Come Back, Dr. Caligari", Barthelme wrote "The Joker's Greatest Triumph." Batman is portrayed for purposes of spoof as a pretentious French-speaking rich man.[118]
Michael Keaton as Batman in Batman (1989)
The Batman television series, starring Adam West, premiered in January 1966 on the ABC television network. Inflected with a camp sense of humor, the show became a pop culture phenomenon. In his memoir, Back to the Batcave, West notes his dislike for the term 'camp' as it was applied to the 1960s series, opining that the show was instead a farce or lampoon, and a deliberate one, at that. The series ran for 120 episodes, ending in 1968. In between the first and second season of the Batman television series the cast and crew made the theatrical release Batman (1966). The popularity of the Batman TV series also resulted in the first animated adaptation of Batman in the series The Batman/Superman Hour;[119] the Batman segments of the series were repackaged as Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder which produced thirty-three episodes between 1968 and 1977. From 1973 until 1986, Batman had a starring role in ABC's Super Friends series, which was animated by Hanna-Barbera. Olan Soule was the voice of Batman in all these series, but was eventually replaced during Super Friends by Adam West, who voiced the character in Filmation's 1977 series The New Adventures of Batman.
In 1989, Batman returned to movie theaters in director Tim Burton's Batman starring Michael Keaton as the title character. The film was a huge success; not only was it the top-grossing film of the year, but at the time was the fifth highest-grossing film in history.[120] The film spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997), the last two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively.
Batman as he was depicted in Batman: The Animated Series.
In 1992, Batman returned to television in Batman: The Animated Series, which was produced by Warner Bros. and broadcast on the FOX television network. Les Daniels described the series as "[coming] as close as any artistic statement has to defining the look of Batman for the 1990s."[121] The success of Batman: The Animated Series led to the animated spin-off film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), as well as various other animated series set in the same continuity, including The New Batman Adventures, Batman Beyond, and Justice League. As with Batman: The Animated Series, each of these productions starred Kevin Conroy as the voice of Batman. In 2004, a new animated series titled The Batman made its debut with Rino Romano as the title character. In 2008, this show was replaced by another animated series, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, with Diedrich Bader as Batman.
In 2005, Christopher Nolan directed Batman Begins, a reboot of the film franchise starring Christian Bale as Batman. Its sequel, The Dark Knight (2008), set the record for the highest grossing opening weekend of all time in the U.S., earning approximately $158 million,[122] and became the fastest film to reach the $400 million mark in the history of American cinema (eighteenth day of release).[123] These record breaking attendances saw The Dark Knight listed as the second-highest domestic grossing film in November of 2008.[124] An animated anthology feature set between the Nolan films, Batman: Gotham Knight, was also released in 2008.
Batman has several video games based on him and his crime fighting adventures.
[edit] Homosexual interpretations
Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson. Panel from Batman #84 (June, 1954), page 24.
There has been some controversy over various sexual interpretations made regarding the content of Batman comics. Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in his Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that "Batman stories are psychologically homosexual." He claimed, "The Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious." Wertham wrote, "Only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend 'Robin.'"[125]
Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay "Batman, Deviance, and Camp" that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality," "the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp," and "[he] merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity."[126]
Creators associated with the character have expressed their own opinions. Writer Alan Grant has stated, "The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn't gay. Denny O'Neil's Batman, Marv Wolfman's Batman, everybody's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane... none of them wrote him as a gay character. Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view." Writer Devin Grayson has commented, "It depends who you ask, doesn't it? Since you're asking me, I'll say no, I don't think he is ... I certainly understand the gay readings, though."[127] While Frank Miller has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a "homophobic nightmare,"[128] he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, "He'd be much healthier if he were gay."[129] Burt Ward, who portrayed Robin in the 1960s television show, has also remarked upon this interpretation in his autobiography Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights; He writes that the relationship could be interpreted as a sexual one, with the show's double entendres and lavish camp also possibly offering ambiguous interpretation.[130]
Such homosexual interpretations continue to attract attention. One notable example occurred in 2000, when DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four panels (from Batman #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s.[131] Another happened in the summer of 2005, when painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses.[132] DC threatened both artist and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.[133]
[edit] See also
* Batman (Earth-Two)
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Goulart, Ron, Comic Book Encyclopedia (Harper Entertainment, New York, 2004) ISBN 0-06-053816-3
2. ^ a b c Beatty, Scott (2008). "Batman". in Dougall, Alastair. The DC Comics Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 40–44. ISBN 0-7566-4119-5.
3. ^ a b Phillips, Dan (august 8, 2009). "Grant Morrison's New Batman and Robin". IGN. http://comics.ign.com/articles/986/986031p1.html. Retrieved on August 8, 2009.
4. ^ George, Richard (March 11, 2009). "Morrison discusses Batman and Robin". IGN. http://comics.ign.com/articles/961/961488p1.html. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.
5. ^ "The Big Question: What is the history of Batman, and why does he still appeal?". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/the-big-question-what-is-the-history-of-batman-and-why-does-he-still-appeal-873780.html.
6. ^ Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0, pg. 18
7. ^ Steranko, Jim. The Steranko History of Comics 1. Reading, PA: Supergraphics, 1970. (ISBN 0-517-50188-0)
8. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 21, 23
9. ^ Havholm, Peter; Sandifer, Philip (Autumn 2003). "Corporate Authorship: A Response to Jerome Christensen". Critical Inquiry 30 (1): 192. doi:10.1086/380810. ISSN 00931896.
10. ^ a b Kane, Andrae, p. 44
11. ^ Daniels, Les. DC Comics: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York: Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications, 2003, ISBN 0-8230-7919-8, pg. 23
12. ^ Boichel, Bill. "Batman: Commodity as Myth." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 6–7
13. ^ Kane, Andrae, p. 41
14. ^ Groth, Gary (October 2005). "Jerry Robinson". The Comics Journal 1 (271): 80–81. ISSN 0194-7869. http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=350&Itemid=48. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
15. ^ Comic Book Artist 3. Winter 1999. TwoMorrows Publishing
16. ^ "Comic Book Interview Super Special: Batman" Fictioneer Press, 1989
17. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 25
18. ^ Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5, pg. 19
19. ^ a b Daniels (1999), pg. 29
20. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p), Sheldon Moldoff (i). "The Batman and How He Came to Be" Detective Comics (33): 1-2 (November, 1939), DC Comics
21. ^ Detective Comics #33 (November 1939), Grand Comics Database
22. ^ John Jefferson Darowski, "The Mythic Symbols of Batman" December 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-20. Archived on 2008-03-20.
23. ^ a b Wright, pg. 17
24. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 38
25. ^ Daniels (2003), pg. 36
26. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 42
27. ^ a b Boichel, pg. 9
28. ^ Wright, pg. 59
29. ^ Edmund Hamilton (w), Curt Swan (p). "The Mightiest Team In the World" Superman #76) (June 1952), DC Comics
30. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 88
31. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 91
32. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 84
33. ^ Boichel, pg. 13
34. ^ York, Christopher (2000). "All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s". The International Journal of Comic Art 2 (2): 100–110.
35. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 94
36. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 95
37. ^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p). "Gotham Gang Line-Up!" Detective Comics (328) (June, 1964), DC Comics
38. ^ Detective Comics #31 and Batman #227, Grand Comics Database
39. ^ Benton, Mike. The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor, 1989. ISBN 0-87833-659-1, pg. 69
40. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 115
41. ^ Wright, pg. 233
42. ^ Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William. "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 18
43. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 140
44. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 141
45. ^ SciFi Wire (March 28, 2007): "Batman Artist Rogers is Dead": "Even though their Batman run was only six issues, the three laid the foundation for later Batman comics. Their stories include the classic 'Laughing Fish' (in which the Joker's face appeared on fish); they were adapted for Batman: The Animated Series in the 1990s. Earlier drafts of the 1989 Batman movie with Michael Keaton as the Dark Knight were based heavily on their work."
46. ^ Boichel, pg. 15
47. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 147, 149
48. ^ Wright, pg. 267
49. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 155, 157
50. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 161
51. ^ a b Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William. "Introduction." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 1
52. ^ "Diamond's 2005 Year-End Sales Charts & Market Share" (http). newsarama.com. 2006. Archived from the original on May 25 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060525013002/http://www.newsarama.com/marketreport/05Year_End.html. Retrieved on October 26 2006.
53. ^ "July 2005 Sales Charts: All-Star Batman & Robin Lives Up To Its Name" (http). newsarama.com. 2005. Archived from the original on Septemeber 7 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060907063905/http://www.newsarama.com/marketreport/july05sales.html. Retrieved on October 26 2006.
54. ^ Review by Iann Robinson, Crave Online
55. ^ Review by William Gatevackes, PopMatters, 10 February 2006
56. ^ Wilkins, Alasdair (June 27, 2009). "Batman Is Reborn...With A Vengeance". io9. Gawker Media. http://io9.com/5303197/batman-is-rebornwith-a-vengeance. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.
57. ^ Pearson, pg. 185
58. ^ a b c d e f Pearson; Uricchio. "'I'm Not Fooled By That Cheap Disguise.'" Pg. 186
59. ^ Pearson, pg. 191
60. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate" Detective Comics #27) (May, 1939), DC Comics
61. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). "The Batman Wars Against the Dirigible of Doom" Detective Comics #33) (November, 1939), DC Comics
62. ^ She first appears in Detective Comics #31 (September 1939)
63. ^ Paul Levitz (w), Joe Staton (p). "The Untold Origin of the Justice Society" DC Special (29) (August/September 1977), DC Comics
64. ^ Gardner Fox (w). All Star Comics (3) (Winter 1940/41), DC Comics
65. ^ Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). Batman (7) (November, 1941), DC Comics
66. ^ Batman #16 (May 1943); his original last name, Beagle, is revealed in Detective Comics #96 (February 1945)
67. ^ One example is the Englehart/Rogers run of the late 1970s, which has editorial notes directing readers to issues such as Batman #1
68. ^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p). "The First Batman" Detective Comics (235) (September, 1956), DC Comics
69. ^ Edmond Hamilton (w), Dick Sprang (p). "When Batman Was Robin" Detective Comics (226) (December, 1955), DC Comics
70. ^ Miller, Frank; David Mazzucchelli and Richmond Lewis (1987). Batman: Year One. DC Comics. p. 98. ISBN 1-85286-077-4.
71. ^ Max Allan Collins (w), Chris Warner (p). "Did Robin Die Tonight?" Batman (408) (June, 1987), DC Comics
72. ^ Alan Grant (w), Norm Breyfogle (p). "Master of Fear" Batman (457) (December, 1990), DC Comics
73. ^ Dixon, Chuck. et al. "Batman: Prodigal". Batman 512-514, Shadow of the Bat 32-34, Detective Comics 679-681, Robin 11-13. New York: DC Comics, 1995.
74. ^ "Infinite Crisis" #7, p. 32
75. ^ 52 #30
76. ^ Batman #673
77. ^ Batman #681
78. ^ James Robinson (w), Don Kramer (p). "Face the Face – Conclusion" Batman (654) (August, 2006), DC Comics
79. ^ Brad Meltzer (w), Ed Benes (p). "The Tornado's Path" Justice League of America (vol. 2) (1) (August, 2006), DC Comics
80. ^ Chuck Dixon (w), Julian Lopex (p). Batman and the Outsiders (vol. 2) (1) (November, 2007), DC Comics
81. ^ Rothstein, Simon. "Batman killed by his OWN dad." 28 November 2008. The Sun. Archived 28 November 2008.
82. ^ Adams, Guy. "Holy smoke, Batman! Are you dead?" 28 November 2008, The Independent. Archived 28 November 2008.
83. ^ Newsarama: "Batman R.I.P. - Finally?" 15 January 2009
84. ^ Grant Morrison (w), J.G. Jones (p). "How to Murder the Earth" Final Crisis #6) (January 2009), DC Comics
85. ^ Grant Morrison (w). Final Crisis #7) (January 2009), DC Comics
86. ^ "Grant Morrison: Final Crisis Exit Interview, Part 2". http://newsarama.com/comics/020904-Grant-FC2.html.
87. ^ Tony Daniel (w). Battle for the Cowl #3) (May 2009), DC Comics
88. ^ Pearson; Uricchio. "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil" p. 23
89. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 31
90. ^ Pearson, pg. 194
91. ^ Sharrett, Christopher. "Batman and the Twilight of the Idols: An Interview with Frank Miller." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 44
92. ^ Pearson, pg. 208
93. ^ Dennis O'Neil Batman: Knightfall. 1994, Bantam Books. ISBN 0553096737
94. ^ Pearson, pg. 202
95. ^ Daniels, 1999, pg. ??
96. ^ Scott Beatty, The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. 2005, Quirk Books, p51. ISBN 1594740232
97. ^ Aichele, G. (1997). Rewriting Superman. In G. Aichele & T. Pippin (Eds.), The Monstrous and the Unspeakable: The Bible as Fantastic Literature (pp. 75-101). Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
98. ^ Superman vol. 2, #53
99. ^ Mike Conray, 500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes. 2002, Collins & Brown. ISBN 1844110044
100. ^ Grant Morrison (w), Howard Porter (p). "War of the Worlds" JLA (3) (March, 1997), DC Comics
101. ^ Koç, E. "Rebirth of the Gothic in the Metropolitan Legends" Çankaya Üniversitesi, Journal of Arts and Sciences (2006 Aralık)
102. ^ a b c d Daniels (1999)
103. ^ Widzer, M.E. (1977). The Comic-Book Superhero—A Study of the Family Romance Fantasy. Psychoanal. St. Child, 32:565-603.
104. ^ Bill Schelly, Sense of Wonder: A Life in Comic Fandom : a Personal Memoir of Fandom's. 2001 TwoMorrows Publishing, p24. ISBN 1893905128
105. ^ Illinca Zarifopol-Johnston, "A BatsEye View of the Republic or Victor Hugo" in Peripheries of Nineteenth-century French Studies: Views from the Edge, Timothy Bell Raser ed. 2002, University of Delaware Press, p184. ISBN 0874137659
106. ^ Jim Harmon, Donald F. Glut, Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury. 1973 Routledge, p234. ISBN 071300097X
107. ^ Larry Ford, "Lighting and Color in the Depiction" in Place, Power, Situation, and Spectacle: A Geography of Film, Stuart C. Aitken, Leo Zonn, Leo E. Zonn eds. 1994 Rowman & Littlefield, p132. ISBN 0847678261
108. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 98
109. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 159–60
110. ^ Boichel, pg. 7
111. ^ a b Boichel, pg. 8
112. ^ a b Daniels (1995), pg. 138
113. ^ Finkelstein, David; Macfarlane, Ross (March 15, 1999). "Batman's big birthday". Guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,314504,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
114. ^ Noer, Michael; David M. Ewalt (2008-12-18). "In Pictures: The Forbes Fictional 15". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/18/bruce-wayne-money-oped-fictional1508-cx_de_1218batman.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-13.
115. ^ Pisani, Joseph (2006). "The Smartest Superheroes". www.businessweek.com. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/05/smart_heroes/index_01.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-25.
116. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 50
117. ^ a b Daniels (1999), pg. 64
118. ^ Olsen, Lance. "Linguistic Pratfalls in Barthelme", South Atlantic Review, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 1986), pp. 69-77 (article consists of 9 pages). South Atlantic Modern Language Association. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3199757
119. ^ Boichel, pg. 14
120. ^ "Batman (1989)". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
121. ^ Daniels (1999), pg. 178
122. ^ "Opening Weekends". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
123. ^ "Fastest to $400 million". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/fastest.htm?page=400&p=.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-06.
124. ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office Results". BoxOfficeMojo.com. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
125. ^ Wertham, Fredric. Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1954. pg. 189–90
126. ^ Medhurst, Andy. "Batman, Deviance, and Camp." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 150
127. ^ "Is Batman Gay?". http://www.comicsbulletin.com/panel/106070953757230.htm. Retrieved on December 28 2005.
128. ^ Sharrett, pg. 37-38
129. ^ Sharrett, pg. 38
130. ^ "Bruce Wayne: Bachelor". Ninth Art: Andrew Wheeler Comment. http://www.ninthart.com/display.php?article=963. Retrieved on June 21 2005.
131. ^ Beatty, Bart (2000). "Don't Ask, Don't Tell: How Do You Illustrate an Academic Essay about Batman and Homosexuality?". The Comics Journal (228): 17–18.
132. ^ "Mark Chamberlain (American, 1967)". Artnet. http://www.artnet.com/Galleries/Artists_detail.asp?G=&gid=423822183&which=&aid=424157172&ViewArtistBy=online&rta=http://www.artnet.com/ag/fulltextsearch.asp?searchstring=Mark+Chamberlain.
133. ^ "Gallery told to drop 'gay' Batman". BBC. August 19, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4167032.stm.
[edit] References
* Beatty, Scott, et al., The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. Quirk Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59474-023-2
* Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0
* Daniels, Les. DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bulfinch, 1995. ISBN 0-821-22076-4
* Jones, Gerard. Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. Basic Books, 1995. ISBN 0-465-03657-0
* Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William (editors). The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7
* Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Johns Hopkins, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-7450-5
[edit] External links
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Batman
Creators
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Batman Family enemies
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See also: Batman in other media · Robin in other media · Barbara Gordon in other media
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Outside
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All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder · The Batman Adventures · The Batman Adventures: Mad Love · Batman: Castle of the Bat · Batman: Dark Knight Dynasty · Batman: The Dark Knight Returns · Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again · Batman: Digital Justice · Batman & Dracula: Red Rain · Batman: Holy Terror · Batman/Houdini: The Devil's Workshop · Batman: Knight Gallery · Batman: Leatherwing · Batman: Nine Lives · Batman: Two Faces · Batman: Year 100 · Batman: Year Two · Batman: Year Three · The Berlin Batman · Gotham by Gaslight · Holy Terror, Batman! · Superman & Batman: Generations
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Batman/Aliens · Batman/Hellboy/Starman · Batman/Judge Dredd: Judgement on Gotham · Batman versus Predator · Batman/The Spirit · Spawn/Batman · Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator
Storylines
"The Man Who Falls" · "Year One" · "Gothic" · "Joker's Millions" · "A Death in the Family" · "The Last Arkham" · "Knightfall" · "Contagion" · "Legacy" · "Cataclysm" · "No Man's Land" · "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive" · "War Games" · "War Crimes" · "Hush" · "Broken City" · "Face the Face" · "Batman & Son" · "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul" · "Batman R.I.P." · "Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?" · "Battle for the Cowl" · "Batman: Reborn"
Other
The Batman Chronicles · Batman: Anarky · Novels
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Batman franchise media
Actors
Batman portrayers (template)
Live-action television
Batman (1966–68) · Legends of the Superheroes · OnStar commercials · Birds of Prey · Return to the Batcave
Live-action serials and feature films
Batman (1943) · Batman and Robin (1949) · Batman (1966) · Batman (1989) · Batman Returns (1992) · Batman Forever (1995) · Batman & Robin (1997) · Batman Begins (2005) · The Dark Knight (2008)
Animated television
Batman/Superman Hour (1968–1969) · Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder (1969-1970) · New Adventures of Batman (1977–81) · Batman: The Animated Series (1992–95) / New Batman Adventures (1997–99) · Batman Beyond (1999–2001) · The Batman (2004–08) · The Brave and the Bold (2008–present)
Animated feature films
Mask of the Phantasm (1993) · SubZero (1998) · Return of the Joker (2000) · Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) · The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) · Gotham Knight (2008)
Related animated TV series
Super Friends (1973–86) · Justice League (2001–04) · Justice League Unlimited (2004–06)) · The Zeta Project (2001-2) · Static Shock (2000–04)
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v • d • e
1966–1968 Batman television series
Cast and characters
Adam West (Batman/Bruce Wayne) · Burt Ward (Robin/Dick Grayson) · Alan Napier (Alfred) · Neil Hamilton (Commissioner James Gordon) · Madge Blake (Aunt Harriet Cooper) · Yvonne Craig (Barbara Gordon/Batgirl) · Cesar Romero (The Joker) · Burgess Meredith (The Penguin) · Julie Newmar/Lee Meriwether (movie only)/Eartha Kitt (Catwoman) · Frank Gorshin/John Astin (The Riddler) · Maurice Evans (The Puzzler) · George Sanders/Otto Preminger/Eli Wallach (Mr. Freeze) · Walter Slezak (Clock King) · David Wayne (The Mad Hatter) · Art Carney (The Archer) · Malachi Throne (False-Face) · Van Williams (The Green Hornet) · Bruce Lee (Kato)
Characters created
for the series
Egghead (Vincent Price) · King Tut (Victor Buono) · Marsha, Queen of Diamonds (Carolyn Jones) · Chief O'Hara (Stafford Repp)
Crew
Harve Bennett · Edgar J. Scherick · William Dozier · Eric Ambler · Lorenzo Semple, Jr. · Stanley Ralph Ross · Charles Hoffman · Leslie H. Martinson · Harry W. Gerstad · Charles B. Fitzsimons · Jack Martin Smith · Walter M. Scott · Ben Nye · L. B. Abbott · George Barris
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Sets and locations
Gotham City · Batcave · Wayne Manor · Notable sites of Gotham City · Londinium
Related shows
and films
Batman (1966 film) · Legends of the Superheroes · The New Adventures of Batman · Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt · The Green Hornet
Music
"Batman Theme" · Neal Hefti · Nelson Riddle · Billy May · Warren Barker · Lionel Newman
Related articles
Batman franchise media · Episodes (List) · Joker's appearances in other media · Robin in other media · Barbara Gordon in other media · Batusi · Camp · Deathtrap · Pop art
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"
Categories: DC Comics superheroes | Batman | 1939 comics characters debuts | Characters created by Bill Finger | Characters created by Bob Kane | DC Comics martial artists | Fictional aviators | Fictional businesspeople | Fictional detectives | Fictional orphans | Fictional socialites | Fictional vigilantes | Film serial characters | Film characters
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